BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 503 



cere light greenish; lower base of maxilla and basal half of mandible 

 bluish, rest of bill blackish; tarsi and toes pale lemon yellow, claws 

 black. 



Juvenal (sexes aUke).'*^— Above head, nape, back, scapulars, wings, 

 rump, and tail similar to that of the adult female, but usually darker, 

 dark bister to fuscous; the feathers of the head, nape, some of the 

 interscapulars, and lesser upper wing coverts bordered with deep 

 umber brown to ferruginous to Sanford's brown; upper tail coverts 

 white as in adult, but tinged with cream or pale tawny; lateral rec- 

 trices more rufescent than in adult, and all the rectrices tipped with 

 pale ocliraceous; superciliaries, sides of head as in adult, but more 

 rufescent, the pale areas cinnamon-buff to cinnamon; auriculars rich 

 dark snuff brown; feathers of facial disk the same medially; edged 

 with deep Sanford's brown; entire underparts cinnamon-rufous grad- 

 ually pahng posteriorly to cinnamon or even pale cinnamon; the lower 

 tlu-oat and breast with a variable number of broad, dark, cinnamon- 

 brown longitudinal streaks, the sides with narrow longitudinal streaks 

 of the same; rest of underparts mostly immaculate, under wing coverts 

 streaked with fuscous as in adults, but washed with cinnamon. 



Doivny young. — Entirely pale cinnamon-buff, tinged with grayish 

 on the back and becoming almost white on the lower parts. 



Adult male.— Wing 327.6-351.8 (339.6); tail 228.6-251.5 (241.5); 

 culmenfrom cere 15-17.5 (16.1); tarsus 69.4-73.5 (72.8); middle toe 

 without claw 30.5-33 (32.2 mm.).*" 



Adult females. —Wmg 335-405 (367.5) ; tail 223-266 (249.5) ; culmen 

 from cere 17.5-19 (18.5); tarsus 72-84 (79.5); middle toe without 

 claw 31-38.5 (34.5 mm.)." 



Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska (St. Michael, Kowak 

 River, Noatak Bay, etc.) and Attn Island in the Aleutians, north- 

 western Mackenzie (Mackenzie River, lower Anderson River), north- 

 ern Manitoba, northern Ontario, central Quebec (Gaspe), Labrador 

 (Esquimaux Point, Betchwan), and Newfoundland south to northern 

 Baja California (El Rosario, near Tijuana; Cape Colnett; San Ram6n), 

 formerly southern Ai'izona (Tucson), southern New Mexico (Pecos 

 Valley south to Lake Arthur), southern Texas (Tom Green and Con- 

 cho Counties), Missouri (Kansas City, St. Charles County, Mont- 

 gomery City), southern Ilhnois, southern Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, 

 and southeastern Virginia. 



Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan, lower Eraser 

 Valley), western Montana (Bitterroot Valley), western South Dakota, 



" On the whole, in a long series, young males seem to average slightly paler 

 below than young females, but the extremes are the same for both sexes. 

 " Forty-eight specimens from all parts of the range. 

 " Fifty-four specimens from all parts of the range. 



