1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 207 



{Secondary Synonymy.) 

 <^Siagonotes, Dumeril, 180(5. 

 <^Chipeido;, Bonaparte, 1832-1840. 

 <^Characini, Mulleu et al. 

 <^Chararinida', GiJNTHER et al. 



{Synonyms of Erythriulna'.) 

 <^Eryilirichfluni, Bonaparte, Niiovi Auuali Sci. Nat., II, p. 13'J, \.Ki^\ l\ , p. 19(), 



1810. 

 <^Cypr'um', Swainson, Nat. Hist, aud Class. Fislies, etc., II, pp. 184, 283, 1839. 

 <C Erythrichthiul, Bonaparte, Traus. Liua. Soc., XVIII, p. 300, 1840-41. 

 <^Erytliriclithini, Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Pesci Eur., p. 5, 1846; Cons. Syst. Pise, 



1850. 

 <^Eryih)inina, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, pp. 278, 281, 1804. 

 <^Erythrini formes, Bleeker, Euum. Sji. Piscium Archipel. Indico. p. xxxi, 1859. 

 —Erythrinvup, Gill, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., VI, p. 131, 1893. 



Heteroguaths with the skull above more or less truncated beliiud, 

 aud the supraoccipital coufiued to the posterior surface and cariuated 

 by a rudimentary or obsolete yertical crest. 



There is good reason to believe that the Characiuida', as here still 

 preserved, constitute a heterogeneous group, and may hereafter be sub- 

 divided into two or more families, but the nuiterial at hand is insufiQ- 

 cieut to confirm the suspicious entertained or to ])roperly refer the 

 species to their respective families. Great differences are observable 

 in the relative development of the jaws, the composition of the lower 

 jaw, the branchial ax)paratus, etc' 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



The illustrations of the skeletal features of the representatives of 

 the family being much scattered, a list of most of them is here appended. 

 More valuable than all others and a(H;ompanied by i)hilosophical views 

 are those given iu Sagemehl's Memoir. 



GENERAL BIBLIOORA PHY 



Sagemehl (Dr. M.). Beitriige zur verglinclieudeu Anatoiiiie dcr Fisclie. I-IV. 

 Morph. Jahrbiich, IX-XVII, viz: 



I. Das Cranium von Auiia calva. IX, pj). 177-228, ^d. 10, 1881. 

 II. Einige Bemerkungeu iiber die Geliiruhiiute der Kuochentisrlie. IX, 

 pp. 457-474, pi. 23, 1884. 

 III. Das Cranium der Characiuiilcu, nebst allgemeinen Beuierlvungeu 

 iiber die luit eiaem Weber'scbeu Apparat verselieneu Physostomeu- 

 familien, X, pp. 1-119, pis. 1, 2, 1885. 

 ' IV. Das Cranium der Cyprinoiden. XVII, pp. 489-595, pis. 28, 29, 1891. 



' According to Sagemehl (III, p. 105, pi. 1, fig. 14), Citharinus lias the lower jaw 

 composed of only two lateral elements, a greatly elongated articular bone and reduced 

 dentary. These peculiarities are coordinated with other cranial characters and 

 with modifications of the branchial apparatus. Citharinus seems therefore to be the 

 type of a peculiar family (Citharinidas). Of course such a family is very different 

 from that named Citharinloi Fitziuger, which is the same as Characinida'. It would 

 also differ much from the subfamily Citliarina of Thominot (Bull. Philomath Soc, 

 (7) VI, p. 250, 1882), which includes the Cithariniu;B and most of the Curimatiua», 

 but not Iho typical geuus Curimata or the edentulous forms. The genera included 

 by Thominot are 6'accof?OH, Heniodus, Parodon, Citharinus, I'rocliilodun nnd Cnnotropus. 



