NO. 1499. THE HERRINGS OF JAPAN— JORDAN AND HERRE. 631 



Sprati'Uo'uJes bryoporus Copk, Proc. Amer. Philo8. Soc, 1873, p. 25 (Sitka). — Jok- 



DAN and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 264. 

 Clupea hareugiis Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 108 (Hokkaido). — Lshikawa, Prel. 



Cat., 1897, p. 8 (Nemuro, Hitachi, Sakhalin). (Not of Linna?us). 



Habitat. — North Pacific, .south to northern Japan and to southern 

 California. 



Head, -ii in length; depth, 4; D. 1(]; A. 14; scales, 52; eye, 2.5 to 

 3 in length of head; snout, 4; mandible. If; interorbital space, 5f; 

 niaxillar}', 2; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth a little less 

 than 3 in head. 



Bod}' elongate, posterior and anterior regions compressed; head 

 much compressed in front of eyes; sides of snout bulging; eyes large, 

 with large adipose eyelid; mouth terminal, oblique, rather small, the 

 lower jaw strongly projecting. 



Lower jaw armed with a few small teeth, none on premaxillary; 

 tongue and vomer each with a small patch of minute teeth arranged in 

 a double row. Mandible largely concealed by the large maxillary, 



Fig. 4.— Clupea pallasii. 



which extends backward to middle of orbit or bej'ond. Top of head 

 flattened, with a concavit}" behind interorbital region. 



Gill openings quite large, the membranes free from isthmus; gill 

 rakers very long, slender, numerous; pseudobranchia" present; peri- 

 toneum dusk}". 



Scales deciduous, medium size, cycloid; scutes small, poorly devel- 

 oped, onl}' between ventrals and anal. 



Insertion dorsal almost midway between tip of snout and base of 

 caudal, the fin small, its base a little less than half the length of head; 

 ^nal low, its length e([ual to that of dorsal; caudal small, emarginate; 

 pectorals small, li in head; ventrals short, 2 in space to anal opening, 

 their origin a little forward of middle of dorsal. 



Color of alcoholic specimens: dusk}" above, sides and belly brassy or 

 silvery; scales with a greenish opalescent luster. Fins brownish 

 yellowish to pale. 



This species, the common herring of the Pacific, is abundant in 

 northern Japan, as throughout Alaska, and southward to southern Cali- 

 fornia. About Sakhalin and Hokkaido the fisheries of Nishin or 



