BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621 



secondaries, and proximal primaries passing into white terminally, 

 the white tips to secondaries about 20.5 mm, wide); outermost 

 primary black, abruptly tipped with white (for about 51 mm.), with 

 or without a black sub terminal bar or spot; second primary (from 

 outside) black, abruptly tipped with white, usually with a second 

 white spot or "mirror" within the distal portion of the black; third 

 primary black, abruptly tipped with white, the black passing into 

 gray basallj^; fourth primary gray (darker than back, etc.) for about 

 basal half, then black, abruptly tipped with white; fifth primary 

 similar to fourth but the black more restricted and more abruptly 

 defined against the gray; sixth primary lighter gray (Uke back), 

 passmg into white terminally and crossed by a subterminal band of 

 black; remaining (proximal) primaries neutral gray, hke wing- 

 coverts, etc., broadl}" but not sharply tipped with white; bill, yellow 

 (greenish yellow to chrome) the subterminal third of mandible red 

 (orange-red to carmine), with a more or less distinct spot of blackish 

 within or immediately in front of the red, and one directly above it 

 on the maxilla, the tip of which is sometimes grayish white; rictus 

 and naked eye-ring vermihon red; iris dark brown; legs and feet 

 pale grayish green.'' 



Adults in winter. — Similar to smnmer adults, but pileum, sides of 

 head, hindneck, and sides of neck broadly streaked with grayish 

 brown. 



Young. — Upper parts coarsely and irregularly spotted with 

 grayish brown and grayish buffy white, in nearly equal amomits, 

 the whitish on margins of the feathers and forming broad irregular 

 bars, mostly on sub-basal portion of feathers; primary coverts, 

 remiges, and rectrices blackish or dusky, the first narrowly tipped 

 with white, the lateral rectrices with irregular broken bars of the 

 same; head, neck, and under parts mottled or clouded with grayish 

 brown or brownish gray and grayish white, the former predominating 

 on head and neck, where nearly uniform on hindneck; bill dusky, 

 black terminally, brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish 

 (in dried skins). 



Downy young. — General color grayish white, purer white and 

 immaculate on central under parts; head with black or blackish 

 markings (irregular spots) of indefinite or complicated arrangement, 

 most numerous on upper portion; upper parts clouded with dusky 

 gray. 



Adult male. —Wmg, 381-428 (407.1); tail, 140-163 (154.3); exposed 

 culmen, 44.5-54.5 (49.8); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 15-18.5 

 (17.1); tarsus, 51.5-63 (57.2); middle toe, 46-55 (51.2).^ 



a Fresh colors of breeding birds obtained by the author at Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 

 ^ Eight specimens. 



