220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



the feathers tipped (more broadly on chest and sides) with whitish or 

 brownish white; chin and upper throat mostly white; otherwise as in 

 summer, but occipital tufts ("cape") and ruff wholly absent; bill 

 brownish; legs and feet greenish yellow (in life). 



Adult female in summer,— Similar to the winter male but upper 

 parts much darker, the feathers of back, scapulars, etc., blackish, 

 often glossed with pur])lish, margined with buff or cinnamon, the 

 tertials barred with blackish and rusty, feathers of chest, etc., blackish 

 or purplish black centrally, and rectrices barred on distal portion with 

 cinnamon or rusty; bill blackish; legs and feet greenisli gray (in life). 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to the winter male but much 

 smaller. 



Young male. — "Resembles the winter plumage of the adults, but 

 is much more tawny, the feathers of the upper surface being blackish, 

 with sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers; the lower back, 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, mottled with darker 

 brown centres to the feathers and with sandy-buff edges ; wing-coverts 

 like the back; tlie primary-coverts with narrow sandy-buff edges and 

 whitish tips; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 

 fringed with white at the ends and on the outer webs of the second- 

 aries, the inner ones edged with sandj^-buff with subterminal black 

 markings, before which are some rufous bars ; tail-feathers dark brown, 

 with a few mottlings and bars of sandy-buff near their ends; crown of 

 head sandy-rufous, with dark brown streaks; lores and an eyebrow 

 pale buff, with very narrow dusky streaks; the hindneck ashy 

 washed with sandy-buff and mottled with dusky brown centres to the 

 feathers ; feathers in front of the eye and sides of the face cinnamon- 

 buff, like the lower throat and the foreneck, the chin whiter; chest 

 and sidjes of body ashy grey, washed with cinnamon-buff; the center 

 of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under 

 wing-coverts white. "'^ 



Downy young. — Forehead, sides of head and neck (including super- 

 ciliary region), and under parts pale pinkish buff, paler on chin, 

 throat, and abdomen, deepening into nearly cinnamon-buff on fore- 

 neck and cliest; a narrow streak of brownish black extending from 

 a})Ove base of nasal fossa backward and slightly downward; a small 

 spot or short streak of black on anterior j^ortion of malar region ; crown 

 and occiput irregularly blotched or marbled w^ith black, the inter- 

 spaces grayisli buffy; an irregular large blotch of brownish black on 

 each side of occiput; nape plain dull cinnamon-buff or clay color, the 

 hindneck similar but paler and duller and irregularly marbled with 

 dusky; back, wings, and rump mixed black and light brown (light 

 cinnamon-brown or sayal brown), thickly spangled or dotted with 

 buff J'" whitish. 



" Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ^lus., xxiv, 505, 506. 



