258 BULLETIN 50, UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



white, sometrmos inimaciilato but usually with a few very narrow 

 streaks of dusky ; axillars arid most of under wing-coverts immaculate 

 white; bill blackish; iris dark brown; legs and feet blackish (dark 

 olivaceous in life). 



Winter i)lu7riage.— Upper parts mostly plain brownish gray, with 

 indistinct dusky shaft-streaks; an indistinct superciliary stripe, 

 together with whole of under parts, white, the neck and chest indis- 

 tinctly streaked with grayish, the sides and flanks sometimes with a 

 few narrow streaks; otherwise as in summer. 



Young. — Scapulars and interscapulars dusky, broadly margined 

 with cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, this becoming paler (often whitish) 

 on tips of some feathers ; wing-coverts margined with buffy ; pileum 

 light rusty buff or cinnamon, streaked with blackish; sides of head 

 and neck dull buffy, indistinctly streaked with dusky; under parts 

 white, the breast and abdomen spotted with blackish. 



Vovmy young. — Forehead and posterior portion of crown buff", or 

 pinkish buff, divided medially by a rather broad streak of blackish 

 brown, confluent posteriorly with an area of mixed blackish brown and 

 light brown occupying greater part of crown and occiput, the latter 

 rather sparsely flecked or spotted with pale (kill buffy; hindneck 

 pale dull buffy mottled with brownish; back, rum]i, and wings snuff 

 brown mottled or intermixed with brownish black, the back minutely, 

 the rump more coarsely, dotted or spangled with pale bufl' or buffy 

 whitish; sides of head and neck dull buffy white, relieved by an 

 indistinct auricular spot of dusky; under parts dull buffy white 

 strongly tinged on chest with cinnamon-buff. 



Adult maZ^.— Wing, 104-114 (107.4): tail, 44.5-50.5 (46.9); 

 exposed culmen, 26-81 (28.6); tarsus, 21-24 (28.1); middle toe, 

 17-21 (19).« 



Adult female. ~W\\\g, 103-117 (110.9); tail, 46-51.5 (48.4); 

 exposed culmen, 26.5-36.5 (32.5); tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe, 

 18-20 (18.9).^ 



Breeding in northern Europe (Iceland, F'aroe Islands, British 

 Islands, Norway, Denmark, etc.) and northern Asia (north to about 

 lat. 74°); migrating southward to Mediterranean basin, Madeira, 

 Canary Islands, Zanzibar, and islands north of Madagascar, "and 

 along tlic valleys of the Kama and Volga, and through Turkestan to 

 winter on the shores of the Caspian and on theMekran coast,"'' east- 

 ward to India (Calcutta, Lucknow, etc.) ; occasional in southern 

 Greenland;'* accidental in North America (Fort ChurchiU, Keewatin, 



"■ Seven spofimons. 



h Thirteen specimens. 



cSeebohm, Ceogr. Distr. rharadiiidne. 



^ The status of Greenland birds of this species is a matter of great uncertainty, and 

 the Greenland references here given under P. a. alpinaand P. a. sakhalina, respec- 

 tively, may, in some instances at least, be wrongly placed. Very singularly, the 



