448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Syst. Yog., ii, 1888, 1158.— Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.— Beddard, 



Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 350.— Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 



49, 386. — Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 



1899, xiv, 133. ' 



=Larid3e Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Miis., xxv, 1896, xiii, 3. — Salvin and 



GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397. 

 =Lanformes Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Bii-ds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 



1899, xiv, 133. 

 =Laroidex Stejneqer, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 74, in text. 

 =Lari Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72. — Oberholser, Outl. 



Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3. 

 '^Lari Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35 (includes Alcae!). — Knowlton, Birds 



of the World, 1909, 49, 385 (includes Alcae). 

 =Gavix ScLATER, Ibis, 1880, 409.^Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 



xiii, 1, 3. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397. 

 =Longipennes Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 



191. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 84; 3rd ed., 



1910, 33.— Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 1, 20. 

 =Longipennes Nitzsch, Meckel's Deutsches Archiv Phys., 1820, 265. — Dubois, 



Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 23. 

 =Fissurinares Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Thiere Bras., iii, ii, 1856, 447. 

 > <^Larinae Bonaparte, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59 (includes 



Chionides; excludes Stercorariidse). — Gadow, in Bronn's Tliier-Reich, Vog., 



ii, 1893, 205 (excludes Rynchopidse). 

 '^Longipennes Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 820 



(includes Tubinares). — Coues, Key N. Am. Bii-ds, 1872, 307 (includes 



Tubinares). 



Long-winged, short-, or relatively short-, legged, aquatic Chara- 

 driiformes with hypotarsus simple (grooved but without canals) ; 

 coracoids in contact (except in Stercorariidse) ; supraorbital grooves 

 present, large, the space between them broad and flat; basipterygoid 

 processes absent (vestigial or rudimentary in young) ; occipital 

 foramina absent in adults; furcula with a hypocleideum; adult 

 downs on both pterylse and apteria; bill and legs relatively short, the 

 latter attached to middle of body; anterior toes more or less (usually 

 fully) webbed; hallux absent or minute; young tardily nidifugous 

 (nearly nidicolous) . 



Metasternum usually 4-notched (2-notched in Stercorariidae) ; cora- 

 coids in contact behind spina externa (except in Stercorariidse); 

 ectepicondylar process usually well-developed; coraco-humeral groove 

 distinct, very deep; cervical vertebrse, 15; dorsal vertebrae, 5; haema- 

 pophyses of dorsal vertebrae well-developed; ribs articulating with 

 sternum, 6-7; hypotarsus with 2 grooves; tensores patagii limicoline, 

 but somewhat more complicated; thigh-muscle formula, AX 4-, 

 AXY + , ABX Y + , or BX Y + ; syrinx typically tracheo-bronchial ; 

 carotids, 2; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck by lateral apteria, 

 forked on upper back; ventral pteryla dividing farther down neck 

 than in Limicolae; rectrices, 12. 



