BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561 



Gi/g[is] Candida Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1223. 



Gygis Candida Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 149, part (Krusen- 

 stern Island). — Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iv, 1902, 

 511 (Cocos and Clipperton Islands; descr.; measurements; descr. nest). 



Gygis alba Candida Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 443 (Christ- 

 mas Island; Hawaiian group). 



Sterna nivea Bennett, Narrative Whaling Voy., i, 1840, 384 (Christmas Island, 

 breeding). 



[Gygis] alba (not Sterna alba Gmelin, 1788) Licutenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 

 1854, 97 (Hawaiian Islands). 



Gygis alba Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1869, 306 (Hawaiian Islands). — Roths- 

 child, Avifauna Laysan, i, 1893, 35, pi. 3, fig. 11 (Laysan). — Henshaw, 

 Birds Hawaiian Isl., 1902, 126 (Laysan and Lisiansky islands, breeding). — 

 GiFFORD, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 32 (Tower Island, 

 Galapagos; Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island; habits, measurements, etc.). 



G[ygis] 'alba kittlitzi (not of Hartert, 1900) Bryan, Key to Birds Hawaiian Group, 

 1901, 9 (Laysan, etc.). 



Gygis alba kittlitzi Fisher (W. K.), Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1903, 17, pi. 4, 

 figs. 13-17 (Laysan, etc., habits); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 1903, 562, in 

 text (Necker Island). 



Family LARID.^. 



THE GULLS. 



==Zarina; Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, 1831, 58; Saggio distr. Anim. 

 Vertebr.. 1831, 59; Consp. Gen. Avium, ii, 1857, 211. — Lawrence, in Baird, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837, 840.— Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 

 361.— CouES, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1869, 214; Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 

 310; 2d ed., 1884, 734, 739; Birds Northwest, 1874, 617.— Sclater and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds 

 N. Am., ii, 1884, 196, 197. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, 86; 3rd ed., 1910, 35.— Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 23.— Saun- 

 ders, Cat. Bu-ds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 4, 161. — Beddard, Struct, and 

 Classif. Birds, 1898, 355.— Sharpe, Hand-list, 1, 1899. xiv, 139.— Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 418. — Knowlton, Birds of the 

 World, 1909, 386. 



"^Larinae Gadow, in Bronn's Thier Reich, Vog., ii, 1891, 205 (includes Stercora- 

 riidse). 



'^Laridx Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 191, 196 

 (includes Sternidse). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, 86; 3rd ed., 1910, (includes Steruidse). 



"^Laridae Oberholser, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3 (includes Sternidae). 



"^Longipennes Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 116 (includes Sternidse). 



Small to very large Lari with the exposed culmen less than one and 

 one-fom-th times as long as tarsus (usually shorter than tarsus), the 

 latter more than one-tenth (sometimes more than one-sixth) as long 

 as wing; tail usually trmicate or very slightly rounded, rarely (in two 

 genera only) forked, still more rarely (in one genus only) cuneate or 

 graduated; pterylosis not typically charadriine. 

 40017— 10— Bull. 50, pt S 37 



