BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567 



Breeding in Arctic and Subarctic Europe and Asia, and North 

 America eastward of Mackenzie lliver, northward to northern 

 Greenland (Thank God Harbor), Ellesmere Island (Cape Union), 

 north of Wellington Channel, lat. 77° N., Melville Island (Winter 

 Harbor), Grinnell Land (Fort Conger), Jan Mayen Land, Franz 

 Josef Land, Spitzbergen, and other islands in Arctic Ocean, where 

 it has been observed as far northward as lat. 84° 52', southward to 

 coast of Mackenzie (Franldin Bay), southern Greenland, Quebec 

 (Godbout; Point de Monts), islands in Gulf of St, Lawrence (Anti- 

 costi; Magdalen Islands), Shetland Islands, northwestern France, 

 and mainland of Arctic Europe and Asia; migrating southward, 

 regularly, to New England coast, Long Island Sound, coast of New 

 Jersey (Long Branch; Atlantic City), and Bermudas, irregularly 

 or casually to Vermont (Enosburg Falls, Nov. 12, 1906), New York 

 (Oak Orchard, Orleans County, April 10, 1881; Auburn, Jan. 4, 1854; 

 Oneida Lake, Nov. 9, 1890; Seneca Lake; Constantia, Oswego 

 County, Nov. 9, 1890), Pennsylvania (Lancaster; Erie, Oct. 17, 1900), 

 Ontario (Toronto, Oct. 31, 1899, and Nov., 1899), northeastern 

 Illinois (near Chicago, Dec. 9, 1896), Michigan (Neebish Island), 

 Missouri (Kansas Cit}^, 1897), Colorado (Boulder, Dec), and Wyoming 

 (Douglas, Nov. 18, 1898); in Eastern Hemisphere migrating south- 

 ward to Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and shores of Mediterranean, 

 Black, and Caspian Seas. 



[Lotus] tridactylus LiNNiEUs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136 (Great Britain?);' ed. 

 ]2, i, 1766, 224.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 596.— Latham, Index 

 Orn., ii, 1790, 817.— Reinhardt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).— 

 Martens, Journ. fur Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas). — Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 314. 



Larus tridactylus Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, 344.^Fabricius, Fauna 

 Groenlandica, 1780, 98. — Retzius, Fauna Suecica, 1780, 154. — Mohr. 

 Island. Naturh., 1786, 41.— Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 804.— 

 Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 486. — Temminck, Man. 

 d'Orn., 1815, 502; 2d ed., 1820, 774.— Meisner and Schinz, Vog. "Schweiz, 

 1815, 275.— Meyer, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 236.— Nilsson, Orn. Suecica, 

 ii, 1817, 174.— ViEiLLOT, Nouv. Diet, d'llist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 503; Faune 

 Fran?., Ois., 1828, 390.— O'Reilly, Greenland, 1818, 143.— Sabine (E.), 

 Trans. Linn. Soc, xii, 1819, 549 (Greenland); in Parry's First Voy., Suppl., 

 1821, p. ccv (Da\'i3 Strait). — Leach, in Ross's Voy. Baffin Bay, 4to ed., 

 App., ii, 1819, p. liii.— Sabine (J.) in Franklin's Bolar Sea, App., 1823, 695 

 (Hudson Bay).— Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog., 1823, 705.— Ross (J. C), in 

 Parry's Third Voy., App., 1826, 105 (North Somerset Land); in Parry's Fourth 

 Voy., App., 1828, 195 (lat. 82^-°, beyond Spitzbergen).— Bonaparte, Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828 ("Synopsis"), 359.— Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, 1828, 

 pi. 25. — Savi, Orn. Tosc, iii, 1831, 70. — Swainson and Richardson, 

 Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 423.— Menetries, Cat. Rais. Caucas.. 1832, 56.— 

 NxJTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 298.— Jenyns, Man. 

 Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 274.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 186, pi. 224; 

 Synopsis, 1839, 326; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 146, pi. 444.— Naumann, 

 Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 322, pi. 262.— Schinz, Eur. Fauna., 1840, 385.— 



