BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 577 



Breeding on islands in Arctic Ocean, chiefly northward of Europe 

 and Asia, where noted as far northward as lat. 85°; in Arctic America 

 breeding from Prince Patrick Island, Melville Island (Winter Plarbor), 

 EUesmere Land, and northwestern Greenland (Thank God Harbor; 

 Rensselaer Bay) to coast of northern Mackenzie (Darnley Bay) and 

 northern BafRn Land (Port Bowen); in Arctic Asia breeding on 

 Polynia Island, Spitzbergen, etc. ; migrating southward in winter as 

 far as British Columbia (Dease Lake, Sept., 1889; Penticton, Oct., 

 1897; Okanagan Lake, Nov. 1, 1907), Pribilof Islands (St. George 

 Island, 1 specimen), Kowak River, and Point Barrow (Oct., Sept.), 

 Alaska; Commander Islands, Kamchatka (Bering Island, Dec. 2, 

 1875), Ontario (Toronto, Dec. 15, 1887), Quebec (Point de Monts, 

 April, 1877), New Brunswick (St. Johns, Nov., 1880; Grand Menan), 

 coast of Labrador (Okak; Rigolet), Nova Scotia (Halifax), Maine 

 (Penobscot Bay, Dec, 1894), Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 

 Dec. 1, 1886), and Long Island (Sayville, Jan. 5, 1893); in Europe 

 southward (casuall}^) to Iceland, Faroe Islands, northern France, 

 Switzerland (Lake Leman), northern Russia (Archangel), etc. 



[?] Larus albus Gunnerus, in Leem's Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (northern 

 Norway) .« 



Larus albus Schakffer, Mus. Orn., 1789, 65, pi. 42. 



Gavia alba Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Jime 5, 1882, 39 (crit. nomencl.). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, 

 no. 39.— Nelson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 49 (Point Barrow; Murchi- 

 son Bay, Spitzbergen, breeding). — Greely, Rep. Exped. Lady Franklin 

 Bay, ii, 1888, 22.— Bendire, Auk, v, 1888, 202 (Storen, n. coast Spitzbergen, 

 breeding; descr. eggs). — Chamberlain, Auk, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland). — 

 Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl., 1889, 62. — HAOERtn', Birds Green- 

 land, 1891, 46.— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 148, 149 (Melville 

 Bay, July; measurements, etc.). — Taczanowski, M^m. Acad. St. Petersb., 

 xxxix, 1893, 1055 (e. Siberia and s. to Petropaulski, Kamchatka). — Dutcheb, 

 Auk, xii, 1895, 290 (Great South Bay, Long Island, Jan. 5, 1893). — Schalow, 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1899, 380 (Spitzbergen, breeding; descr. eggs); Vogel der 

 Arktis, 1904, 135 (synonymy, range, etc.). 



G[avia] alba Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 24. 



[Gavia] alba Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 360. 



Pagophila alba Coues, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 313. — American Ornithologists' 

 Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 99; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 35.— 

 Eifrig, Auk, xxii, 1905, 235 (Cape Fullerton, Sept. 22, 1904).— Fleming, 

 Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 15,1887).— Preble, North Am. 

 Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 262 (breeding at Port Bowen and Darnley Bay, Arctic 

 America; Waiter Harbor, Melville Island, May; Assistance Harbor, Welling- 

 ton Channel, Sept.). — Kermode, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24 (Dease 

 Lake, Cassiar, and Okanagan Lake, Brit. Columbia). — Cooke, Bull. 292, 

 U. S. Agric Dept. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 14, fig. 5 (range and migi-ations) . 



o See Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 301, footnote. 

 40017— 19— Bull. 50, pt 8 38 



