BIEDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579 



Pagophila churnca Kaup, Sk. Entw. Eur. Thierw. (Natiirl. Syst.), 1829, 69. — 

 Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 1841, 90 and App. p. 15; List Birds Brit. Mus. , 

 Anseres, 1844, 174; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, pi. 180, fig. 1; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 

 237. — Reichenbach, Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 5; Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 

 1852, p. V. — LicHTENSTEiN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99. — Reinhardt, 

 Joum. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 18 (Greenland). — Buehm, 

 Naumannia, 1855, 295. — Carte, Jour. Roy. Dublin Soc, i, 1856, 57, pis. 1, 2 

 (Prince Patrick Island; descr. eggs).— Lawrence, in Baii'd, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., is, 1858, 856.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no 676.— Evans 

 and Sturoe, Ibis, 1859, 171 (w. Spitzbergen). — Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1861, 400 (Spitzbergen; descr. eggs); Ibis, 1865, 507 (Spitzbergen; 

 habits; descr. nest and eggs; crit.); Arctic Man., 1875, 105. — Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 308 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 785.— 

 Wright, Ibis, 1866, 216 (Polynia Islands; Prince Patrick Id.; breeding). — 

 Malmgren, .Tourn. fiir Orn., 1865, 200 (Spitzbergen). — Blasius, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1865, 384 (crit.).— Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 405.— 

 LocHE, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois., ii, 1867, 188 (Algeria?). — Fritsch, Vog. Eur., 

 1867, 464, pi. 55, figs. 3, 5.— Gillett, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya).— 

 Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christiania, 1873, 297 (n. Norway); N. Mag. Naturv., 

 1877, 210 (n. Norway). — Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, 52 (spec, in coll. Leverian 

 Mus.) — Gould, Birds Great Brit., v. 1873, pl. 62 and text. — Dresser, Birds 

 Europe, viii, 1877, 349, pl. 595.— Feilden, Ibis, 1877, 409 (Smith Sound; 

 n. to 82° 20', s. to Baffin Bay); Zoologist, 1878, 417; 1879, 8 (Prince Albert 

 Land); in Markham's Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya); Trans. 

 Norwich Soc, iii, 1881, 209-211 (Franz Josef Land); iv, 1887 351 (Digges 

 Island, Hudson Bay). — Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 162 (monogr.); 

 ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Bii-ds, iii, 1884, 656; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 669; Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 301; Ibis, 1904, 234 (Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, 

 July, Sept., not breeding). — Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99 

 (Cumberland Sound).— Ridg way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 206 (Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds no. 657); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 657.— Brewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 187 (St. Johns, New Brunswick, Nov., 1880).— Mer- 

 RiAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, April, 

 1877).— Chamberlain, Bull. N. H. Soc. New Brunswick, 1882, 61. — Neale, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 653 (Franz Josef Land).— Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin' 

 in 1881 (1883), 104 (Tafkau, n. e. Siberia; off Herald Island; etc.).— British 

 Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 188. — Taczanowski, Bull. 

 Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 341 (Kamchatka). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Water Birds, ii, 1884, 198.— Chapman, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumberl., viii, 

 pt. 1, 1884, 155 (Spitzbergen, breeding). — Cocks, Zoologist, 1884, 13 (Spitz- 

 bergen). — McLenegan, Cruise 'Corwin,' 1884, 124 (Hotham Inlet or Kowak 

 River, Alaska).— Home yer, Ornis, 1885, 80 (Germany). — Murdoch, Rep. 

 Point Barrow Exped., 1885, 122 (Point Barrow, Alaska). — Grondal, Ornis, 

 1886, 37 (Iceland).— Palmen,' Yega'-Exped. Vetensk., v, 1887, 356 (all 

 along Siberian coast). — Buckley and Harvie-Brown, Faun. Orkney 

 Islands, 1891, 229; Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 189.— Fatio 

 and Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 62 (Lake Leman). — Lilford, Col. Figs. 

 Brit. Bii-ds, pt. xxvi, 1893.— Clarke (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 50 (Jan Mayen 

 Land); Ibis, 1898, 264 (Franz Josef Land, breeding; habits; descr. nest and 

 eggs; etc.). — Popham, Ibis, 1897, 106 (Ugor Strait). — Trevor-Battye, Ibis^ 

 1897, 592 (Spitzbergen; habits).— Pearson, Ibis, 1898, 202 (Bear Bay, NoA'aya 

 Zemlya).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 225 (Sukkertoppen, 

 Greenland, Oct., Nov.). 



