582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ee. Subtermiual spaces on primaries wholly black. 

 /'. Shafts of primaries \\ithiu black subterminal spaces white; tarsus 73-77, 

 middle too G9-74.5. (Northern Atlantic Ocean, south in winter to 

 coast of United States, Great Lakes, Canary Islands, etc.) 



Larus marinus (p. 601). 

 ff. Shafts of primaries within the black subterminal spaces black; tarsus 

 less than 73, middle toe less than 69. 

 g. Color of back, etc., deep or dark gray (not paler — usually much 

 darker — than neutral gray). 

 li. Second primary (from outside) with a distinct gray "wedge" on 

 inner web. 

 %. Larger (wing, 436-470; tail, 179-196; culmen, 54-65.5; tarsus, 

 59-72; middle toe, 55.5-65.5). (Bering Sea and northern Pa- 

 cific Ocean, south to Japan.) Larus schistisagus (p. 605). 



ii. Smaller (wing, 423-425; tail, 157-165.1; culmen, 51.5-52.1; tarsus 

 61-68.5; middle toe, 49-54). (Northern Europe and Asia, 

 south in winter to northern Africa; accidental in Greenland.) 



Larus affinis (p. 608). 



M. Second primary (from outside) without distinct gray "wedge" 



on inner web . 



i. Gonydeal angle very prominent, the depth of bill at angle 



(21.6-24.1) much greater than at base; legs and feet flesh color 



in life; middle toe 55.5-65.5. (Pacific coast of North America.) 



Larus occidentalis (p. 610). 



%%. Gonydeal angle not conspicuously prominent, the depth of bill 



at angle (15.2-17.3) little if any greater than at base; legs and 



feet yellow in life; middle toe 41.9-49.5. (Northern Europe, 



south in winter to Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, Red Sea, 



Persian Gulf, etc.)... Larus fuscus (extralimital).a 



gq. Color of back, etc., light to pale gray (paler than neutral gray). 

 h. Mandible without a black subterminal spot; iris light yellow. 

 i. Legs and feet (in life) flesh color. 

 j. Naked eye-ring (in life) flesh color; color of back, etc., paler 

 (pallid neutral gray or light gull gray). (Northern Eui"ope and 

 North America, south in winter to Mediterranean, Black, and 

 Caspian seas, Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, and western Mexico.) 



Larus argentatus (p. 612). 



jj. Naked eye ring (in life) vermilion red; color of back, etc., 



darker (light neutral gray). (Bering Sea and adjacent 



parts of Arctic Ocean, south in winter to California, Japan, 



coast of China, Formosa, and Benin Islands.) 



Larus vegse (p. 618). 



« \Larus\ fuscus Linngeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136; ed. 12, i, 1766, 225; 

 Gould, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pi. 431 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pi. 56 and 

 text; Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 419, pi. 267; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl., 1854, 

 697, pis. 345, 346; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 421, pi. 603; Saunders, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 250 .—Leucus fuscus Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 86, 196.— 

 Laroides fuscus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.— Dominicanus fuscus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 

 1853, 100. — [Clupeilurus] fuscus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770. — Larus 

 Jlavipes Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., ii, 1805, 32 with pi. ; ]\Ieyer, Taschenb. 

 Vog. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 469, with p] .—Laroides melanotus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993. — 

 Laroides harengorum Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.— Laroides a. nigrodorsalis Brehm, Nau- 

 mannia, 1855, 294. — Laroides /3. assimilis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 294. — Larus 

 graellsii A. Brehm, Allg. Deutsch. Naturh., 1857, 483 (Malaga). 



