158 Kilauea and Manna Loa. 



crater to be onl3- four hundred feet below the brink (the real depth being, however, rather more). 

 It was during most of the time in clear sky above the clouds, it being nearly all the time the jaunt 

 lasted rainy bslow. My last day on the mountain gave signs of a heavy storm, the upper and cirrus 

 clouds being driven over by the southwest wind, and meeting the trade wind and lower clouds, and 

 looking very angry at the place of meeting. The storm that followed was one of the heaviest ever 

 known on the island. I was fortunate enough to reach a camp for shelter (6000 feet up) a few hours 

 after the storm struck me. I found myself affected with vertigo after awaking from sleep on the floor 

 of the crater on the morning of April 21st. 



May ij, tSS^. L. A. Thurston. — The flow from Little Beggar, which has been running 

 since early in March, has nearly reached the east wall of the crater. 



Mav iS, iSS^. W. R. Castle. — Kilauea: Flowing lava about half a mile to right of point 

 where road meets crater bed. New Lake about twice the size of April, 1882. The change seems to 

 be from caving away of the westerly bank, and towards Halemaumau. The island is all that remains 

 of that bank. South Lake changed by caving away of banks with loss of the crest of high ridge 



to the northwest Witnessed a break up of the surface which floated to the southeast corner and 



plunged in. Little Beggar and the flow thence to the northeast are wholly new; so is the break 

 down in the surface between this and the south lake. 



In October, 1885, Mokiiaweoweo was again stirvej-ed, this time bj^ J. M. Alex- 

 ander for the Government Survey, and a copy of his survey is given on the opposite 

 page. It is interesting to compare the variations in these plans, which certainly were 

 not w^holly dtie to a changing crater. Alexander found the bottom of the crater 

 covered with fresh lava, but no fires visible. Of the two cones shown on the plan the 

 southwestern one was a hundred and forty feet high and still smoking: steam was 

 rising from "hundreds of cracks." In the northern division of the crater was a circu- 

 lar pit crater a thousand feet in diameter and six hundred feet deep, still smoking 

 from a small cone in its centre. At the junc^tion of this northern division with the 

 north terrace of the main crater an eruption had broken otit, like that of 1832 in 

 Kilauea, from the rim, and flowed into both compartments of the crater. In 1864, when 

 on the highest part of the walls, I saw such an eruption that had fallen into the main 

 crater from the rim. Man}' blocks of a "solid, flinty lava," weighing from fifty pounds 

 to a ton, were noticed on the summit about the crater, sometimes a quarter of a mile 

 from the edge of the crater. These were of the clinkstone used by the old Hawaiians 

 for stone adzes and grindstones, and their position has not been satisfactorily ex- 

 plained. But the account by Mr. Alexander in the American Journal gives more 

 completely his observations : 



On the Summit Cr.\ter in October, 1885, and its vSurvev. Bv J. M. Ai.ex.\nder. 



American Journal of Science, July, iSSS. p. 35, 



During the year 1885 I was engaged for man}- months in surveying lands on Mauna Hualalai 

 and Mauna Loa in Hawaii, and in that way had an opportunity of making investigations of craters 

 and lava-flows that have some interest connected with the study of volcanic phenomena. 



On the first of September, 1885, I set out in company with Mr. J. S. I^merson, of the Hawaiian 

 Government Survey, to ascend the mountain from the table land east of Hualalai, along the south 



[536] 



