1 84 



Kilauea and Manna Loa. 



September 14, i8gi. Rev. E. P. Baker. — The molten lava has greatly risen within four months. 

 In May last the liquid fire was 400 or 500 feet below the surface ; it is now about 200 feet below. 



September 2j, iSgi. E. L. Baldwin. — Lava about two hundred and fifty feet below floor of 

 crater; lake very active. 



October J, iSgi. W. T. Hrigham (seventeenth visit).— The lava surface presented the usual 

 appearance when not very active. A few cones lazily discharging small amounts of lava, but not 

 easy to watch so far below the projecting edge of the pit. 



November JO, iSgi. H. M. Whitney. — The crater floor has been upheaved, and present lake 



of Halemaumau formed at least 1000 to 1200 feet across, in full action, throwing up immense 



jets of lava. [I do not fully understand what Vlx. Whitney means by the upheaval of the crater floor. 

 On the same day Dr. Adolph Marcuse, of Berlin, was at the crater and records the following eleva- 

 tions as observed by aneroid: Volcano House, o; lava floor, 480 feet ; Half-way House, 420 feet; 

 Little Beggar, 310; edge of Halemaumau, 260 feet.] 



December 10, iSgr. The surface of the molten lava sank about a hundred and fifty feet, 

 remaining at that level for a month and then gradually rising. 



2.S00 







k- aoo -.>K - — 



./300. 



rv\ O L TEN LAVA 



PIG. 113. SECTION OP HALEMAUMAI', 1S92. 



February 12, i8g2. L. A. Thurston. — The lava is now within twenty-five feet of its former 

 level. The entire surface is in a boiling condition, with bursts of spray averaging twenty-five feet, 

 occasionally being thrown to a height of fifty feet. About half-way up the debris slope on the ea.st 

 side where the descent is made, heat comes up a crack. 



April II, i8g2. Rev. S. E. Bishop. — In 1887 [July] an area somewhat larger than that of the 

 .smooth black floor in the sketch on the opposite page [Fig. 1 14], was occupied by an irregular mound 

 of debris which had been pushed up by the hydrostatic lifting of the lava column below.'" Around 

 the base of this mound was a narrow surface of comparatively smooth lava about a hundred and fifty 

 feet below the upper floor around Halemaumau. On this floor, between the mound and the narrow 

 pile of talus on the we.st side, lay "Dana Lake," so named by our party, small, but in quite active 

 ebullition. [See PI. LX.] Another lake lay immediately south, apparently smaller, but impossi- 

 ble to properly inspect on account of smoke. In the collapse of March 5, 1891, the whole of the 

 above features disappeared, leaving a pit sa}- five hundred feet deep. The lava soon reappeared, 

 having left its cumbersome and unsightly mound somewhere down below. For one year it has been 

 gradually rising in extremely regular form. The degree of activity in ebullition seems about as 



great as in Dana Lake in 1887 relatively to the surface occupied On the main floor of Kilauea 



extensive overflows have occurred. . 



July II, iSg2. A. B. Lyons. — Almost daily overflows have taken place. The pit at top is 

 about 2400 feet across; at base of cliff it is about 1900 feet. Lava lake 900 to 950 feet in diameter; 

 black ledge 300 to 500 feet wide. 



""^Dr. Bishop accompanied Prof. Dana at the time he here refers to, and has perhaps in mind the "accensive 

 force" of that distinguished geologist. [562] 



