200 Kilauea and Maiincx Loa. 



February 14, igoi. L. A. Thurston. — Very little sulphur vapor arises from two or three 

 spots on the north and east sides. 



August J, igoi. W. T. Brighani. — Found Haleniaumau a conical pit clear to the bottom; 

 some sulphur on western wall. 



August 2^, i()oi . Fred Waldron. — At 10 p.m. a lake four hundred feet in diameter has just 

 formed in the bottom of Haleniaumau on the Kau side. It has the .shape of an irregular quadrilateral. 



September 12, rgoi. L. A. Thurston. — The new lake has subsided, leaving a black ledge 

 100-150 feet above the present bottom .... No fire is visible in the daytime, but it can be seen at night. 



fime 12, igo2. L. A. Thurston. — No change in crater rim since February 14th. Pit gener- 

 ally filled with sulphur vapors. 



August 2^, igo2. F. Waldron. — At 10 p.]\t. a bright glow was observed over Halemaumau ; 

 on going over it was found that a lake had formed at the extreme bottom near the base of the wall 

 on the Kau side. This lake is now about 400 feet in diameter. 



September 12, igo2. L. A. Thurston. — The new lake at the bottom of the pit has subsided, 

 leaving a black ledge at an estimated height of 100-150 feet above the present bottom of the pit. 



Oetober /j, igo2. W. E. vSkinner. — Brilliant display over surface of lake. 



Oetober 20-2J, igo2. Whitman Cross, of the United States Geological Survey. — On Monday 

 the 20th instant, there were almost no signs of activity. The lava flow produced by earlier action 

 was recognizable. With a tape line parallel tangents to the circular outline of the crater were drawn, 

 which were 1500 feet apart, representing the diameter. The depth to the consolidated lava was 

 estimated to be 825 feet; and the north-south diameter of the same was 575 feet. The vertical wall 

 on the south was deeper than upon the opposite side, while in the first case there was a gradual slope 

 to the lava floor. On the other side the slope was higher up and connected two walls. On the north 

 edge of the lake there was a blow-hole or spatter cone about twelve feet high exhibiting two small 

 glowing spots, and sulphurous fumes arose from the cone without noise. October 23d there was a sound 

 of escaping gas from the blow-hole, like the sharp puffs of a locomotive getting under headway ; they 

 were irregular, though often strenuous. At 3 p.m. a part of the top of the cone was blown off, followed 

 b)' the sound of thrashing and surging lava. At every throb splashes of lava were thrown out of the 

 orifice and the cone grew rapidly. At 3:35 p.m. the whole northwest side of the mound was broken 

 down and a torrent of lava burst out like water from a pipe. The flow was steady, with occasional 

 spurts throwing small masses a few feet into the air. 



The lava was liquid, red-hot, changing to dull red and black as the crust formed, and as it 

 spread out the domes and ropy lines so characteristic of the general floor of Kilauea made their 

 appearance. By 5 p.m the flow had covered half of the floor. At 7 p.m. the whole floor was covered 

 and the liquid still continued to gush out ; then it decreased and new spatter cones were built 

 up with orifices by 9 p.m., from which jets of lava were occasionally thrown out. 



The new lava lake exhibited during the evening the common phenomena so often described. 

 Cracks formed in the dull crust, lava pushed out in sheets or tongues, plates of the crust turned up 

 and sunk in the molten lake beneath. The illumination was often brilliant, and all the conditions 

 combined to make the scene grand and impressive. On October 24th there was no flow; the floor 

 was so solidified that the fracturing and extrusion of lava was rare and of small extent. At the blow 

 hole there was frequently repeated the process of sealing up the orifice by viscous matter, then a 

 bursting out, making a new hole, which would be sealed up again in an hour or two. 



On the evening of the 25th the strong glow indicated action, and there was another thin 

 flow over the sheet of the 23d. The spatter cone remained on the north side and no other vent could 

 be seen. The action was that of sealing up and bursting again, without any discharge. On the 

 27th, just before daylight, a bright glow was noted over Halemaumau, which was occasioned by 

 another thin flow. 



November 8, igo2. — Charles R. Frazier. — Lake at bottom of pit very active. 



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