64 



stalked with lieautiful arborescent Lolielias there we find Hilo grass {Paspalidn 

 coHJugatuiti) and herds of cattle the arch enemy of Hawaiian forests. The 

 illustration liere sliown represents the last of this Lobelioid. Cijanea comata 

 another beautiful species which has been recorded by Ilillebrand from that region 

 has already vanished, uidess it may be found somewhere iu the forests of Kaupo. 

 We have seen however how extremely local these plants are, and how they are 

 often confined to a very small area. 



Cyanca Bishopii a small species akin to C. pilosa of Hawaii occurs lioth in the 

 wet forests of Olinda and West Maui. 



The island of Hawaii the largest of the group, offers the greatest range in 

 altitude, and combines all the topographical features from newly vomited lava 

 Hows to high swampy plateaus (Kohala), deep ravines and forests, the fast- 

 nesses of which have as yet not been trodden by man. In comparison with ]\raui, 

 Hawaii, notwithstanding its wonderful and various topographic features, is not 

 rich in Vijaiua. Two types stand out clearly Cyanca GiffardU a very ancient 

 species and Cyanca trifmuantlia. The former is the tallest Cyanca on Hawaii. 

 The writer measured a specimen exactly thirty feet in length. It inhabits a 

 strip of land near Glenwood which was once upon a time covered by dense forest. 

 Today these forests are being cut down, and stocked with cattle and liere and 

 there on this narrow strip of land a few of tliese tall Lolielioids have survived 

 only to be destroyed in the nearest future. The land about Cxlenwood is inter- 

 sected bj' many lava flews which are covered with various types of vegetation. 

 The strip of land on which Cyanca GiffardU occurs is very narrow, no trace of 

 lava is visible but deep rich humus, while the adjoining strips are scoria (aa 

 lava) disintegrated to be sure, to some extent, and covered with dense forest. 

 The ground is however .still full of holes and is therefore quite dangerous. The 

 type of vegetation ffiund on such flows is of course derived from the adjacent 

 regions, but is uniform, and LtihtHoiddn ai'e decidedly ab.sent. Therefore in 

 exploring a region with so many varied tojjographical features as is tlie ease 

 with the region about Glenwood it is necessary to make a thorough exploration 

 and not to select a certain parcel of land and judge the rest of the land even the 

 most adjacent one and its plant covering, liy it. What will prove to be uniform 

 vegetation in the first hundred feet may lieconie very rich and ancient in the next 

 hundred feet altci-ualing again with a poorer type of forest. All these types 

 are luxuriant to be sure, on account of the incessant rains in this region, but 

 their flora may be entirely different. It is on one of these ancient strips of 

 lands surrounded liy lava flows which again are covered with jungle, that Cyanca 

 GiffardU has survived. 



Lower down, below Glenwood and back of Hilo we find Cyanca triliiinanllia 

 together with Cyanca pUif^fph ylla. and a variety cylinclrocalyx of C. Gi-imciiana. 



The Kohala mountains are rather poor in Cyanca but rich in Clcniionfia. 

 Cyanca pilosa and its four varieties occur in the more uniform fei-u forests 

 either growing terrestrially or on fern ti'unks (see Plate XLI) ; with it we Hud the 

 .spiny C. noJi)ncta)uj»rc and Cyanca Ciiiidantlii. The latter has tbe tendency 

 to recline against moss-covered tree trunks, which it ascends, sending ont roots 

 all along its slcni. In the Kohala mountains proper Hillebraud records as 

 growing C. nrborca var. pycniHitrpa, unfortunately the writer has not met witli 

 this plant. From tlii' disti'ibntiou of the six^eies of Cyanca we leani I hat tlie 



