NUMERICAL VAIUATIOX I\ TIIK HUJIAX SI'INE. 253 



tlioracic ril)s also resemble transverse processes in nuuli the same way. They aj^parently 

 once had heads, but anchylosis made such progress that they look like transverse proc- 

 esses. The transverse processes of the 17th vertebra (lOtli tlioracic) have no articular 

 surfaces, and those of the 18th are broken up like those of the ordinary 19th. The costal 

 element of the 19th does not extend so far outwards as the transverse process of the 1st 

 lumbar. The change in the articular processes is between the 18tb and the 19th, one 

 place higher than usual. The greatest spread in the loins is at the 3d. The measurements 

 on the fresh spine were as follows, whence it appears that the loins are exceptionally 

 long even if (as is clearly right) the 19th vertebra be reckoned as thoracic. 



Leiigt.li of 30G. Average leiigtli, iii:iK'. Pi-opurtioris. Average proi)ortii)iis. 



Neck l-i.'i cm. 13.8 -M.X % 'it. 5 9^, 



Back 25.3 28.7 43.2 40.3 



Loins 21.1 19.9 36.0 32.2 



Total 58.6 61.9 lOO.cT 100.0 



This is a clear case of over-development of the costal elements of the Ttli vertebi'a. 

 and concomitant uiider-development of those of the I'.bh, the thoi'ax apparentlv moving 

 up. 



The spines of Group B, excepting the one with the bicipital rib, show more or less 

 clearly what with others I am inclined to call a forward or upward moving of the thorax, 

 shown by the over-development of the costal element of the last cei"\ical verteljra, often 

 by mori' or less modification of the 1st thoracic rib, and by tiie under-developnient of the 

 last pair. These concomitant changes may occur on both sides or on one. This moving 

 of the thorax forward oi' backward, either as a whole oi- on one side onh', is a phenomenon 

 that is perfectly well known. How it is to be accounted for on the theorv that such 

 changes are either regressive or progressive is beyond me. Bateson objects, not without 

 reason, to this phraseology ; and instead of speaking of the thorax moving forward (which 

 it does not actually do), he would call it backward hujiioeoslx, jjccause the last elements of 

 the cervical and thoracic regions tend to assume the features of tlie regions behind them. 

 Without disputing the justice of his criticism, I feel that the expression originallv 

 employed of "the thorax moving forward" more readils' supplies a mental image, and 

 saves us from a new word. 



It is worth noting that in every spine of Class I the proportions have re()uired the 

 19tb and lidth vertebrae to be reckoned respectively as thoracic and lumbar, whatever mav 

 have been their peculiarities. 



