NUMERICAL VARIATION IX THE HUMAN SPINE. 265 



578. Ciit. !i:J71l-;i. 



jMiile, white, old. C. 7, T. 13, L. ■"), S. o, (J. 4. 



Like the last this is an old distorted spine with a twist and exostoses. The 1st ribs 

 encroach on the 7th vertebra. The rig'ht loth rib measnres 6.6 cm. and the left 4.2 cm. 

 Both the l-!tli ribs wvv loiiu', but injured at the end. The change in the articular pro- 

 cesses is below the "-'(Itli vertebra, the spinous pi'ocess of which is thoracic rather than 

 lumbal'. The transverse processes of the loins increase to the -id. The body of the Sth 

 lumbar is co-ossilied with the sacrum. This 1 consider a secondary pathological change; 

 otherwise the spine would belong in the second class. On the whole the 5th and 4tli 

 lumbars are (juitc ty[)ical. The lateral masses of the sacrum i-ise consideraljl}'. The 

 auricular surface is on three vertelirae. The front of the sacrum is remarkably flat. 

 There is no change of tUrection at its -id vertebra. The 1st coccygeal is fused with the 

 sacrum. The remaining three are in one piece. 



]10._ Cat. !)o7l:l-45. 



M^le, white, aet. 04. C. 7, T. l:). L. 5. S. 5, C. 4. 



This spine ma}- be very briefly described as not very different from others. The 12th 

 pair of ribs (penultimate) is very long: measured along the concavity the right is 17. o 

 cm. and the left 17. cm. The costal elements of the 2(ltli vertebra differ on the two sides. 

 The right one is a dinnnutive rib, '>. cm. long. The left, also free, is straight, thicker, and 

 more like a transverse process; it is about e(juaily long. It does not reach to the body of 

 the vertebra. The change in dii'ection of the articular processes occuu's below the 19th 

 vertebra. The spinoiis process of the 20th is a typical lumbal- one. The spread of the 

 lunil)ar transverse processes is irregular, but the 24tli and 2")tb are a pretty typical penul- 

 timate and ultimate. The sacrum and coccyx are normal. This again is a spine with an 

 extra praesacral verte!)ra. with the 2()th even more transitional than usual. Measure- 

 ments were taken while the spine was still comparatively fresh, so that the discs had 

 probably not lost any considerable part of their thickness. In the first column the 20th 

 is counted among the thoracic, and in the second among the lumbar. The neck is some- 

 what too short in either case, as is to be expected with an extra praesacral. If the 20tli 

 be lumbar the pro|iortionate length of that region is normal : but it is perhaps better to 

 divide the error, as is the case if we consider it thoracic. 



