NUMERICAL VARIATIOX IX THE IH'.MAX SPINE. 269 



left lamiua joins the upper part of the od right oue. Tlie lower part of the 3d and 4th 

 right ones ends free at the median line. The bodies of the last three cervical and of the 

 1st thoracic are fused, but with their iudi\ iduality preserved. The left lamina of the 5th 

 is broadened and ends opposite to. but not touclnng, the fused right 5th and 6th laminae. 

 On the right these are fused to the tip of the 7th spinous process. The left laminae of 

 the (1th and Ttii and of tlie 1st thoracic are fused, the last being slightly developed and not 

 reaching the middle line. That of the 'Jd thoracic is very broad on the left and joins the 

 right lamina of the 1st. making a spinous process projecting abo\'e that of the right 2d, 

 which had no lamina meeting it on the k'ft. Jk'low this the arches are normal. 



The bodies of the 3d and 4th thoracics are so completely fused, with but the slightest 

 hint of a separation, that there can l)e little doubt of the condition having occurred at a 

 very early period. There is. perhaps, some fusion between the bodies of the 4th and 5th 

 and of the 5tli and bth. but in any case this is a pathological occurrence of late date. 



There are 13 pairs of i-il)s. The first three left ones are fused into a single plate at, 

 and beyond, the tul>ereles, which expands greatly at the distal euil wheie it forks into two. 

 The greatest breadth is 5.2 cm. As the sternum is wantinu'. the termination of the ribs is 

 unknown. The 13tli ril)S are broken some (S cm. from the heads. While their length 

 cannot even be guessed, it may be said that they give the impression that they might have 

 been several centimetres longer. What is certain is that they are not rudimentaiy struc- 

 tures. The change in the articular processes occurs between the thoracic and lumbar 

 regions, i.e.. below the 2(lth vertebra. The spine of the 1st lumbar is rather thoracic. - 

 The transverse processes of several of the lumbar vertebrae are injured so that the relative 

 spread cannot be known. The left ti'aiisverse process of the 5th (25th) is that of a penul- 

 timate. Init the riuht one. though broken, is not. The (ith lumbar is sacralized on the left, 

 touching the ilium. It forms, however, but a small part of the auricular surface. It 

 shows signs of compression, and is not a normal nor a typical last lumbar. The next 

 (27th) however, has the promontory above it and is evidently the 1st sacral <)v fulcralis. 

 The sacrum is Ijrokeu off obliquely through the 5th in such a way that almost all the ven- 

 tral surface of that vertebra is lost. Its dorsal aspect is very like that of a fused 1st 

 coccygeal. It is most prob;d)le from the appearance of the parts that the 4th sacral fora- 

 mina were never completed below. The arch of the 1st sacral vertebra is incomplete on 

 the left, but whether from want of development or from destruction by disease or\'iolence, 

 is hard to determine, though thert' are signs of injury. The auricular surfaces reach to 

 the 3d sacral and perhaps extend slightly onto it. 



While the spine is certainh' very pathological, it is worth noting that the most 

 serious disturl)ance of de\elopmeut is in the neck and upper part of the thoracic region: 

 so that it is not clear how it should stand in any causal relation to the anomalous seg- 

 mentation of the thorax and loins. 



