272 THOMAS DWKilll' OX 



more than one third of the usual thickness. There is a douhle promontory above and 

 l)elo\v the 2l)th. The right transverse ])rocess is a t\ pieai one of a hist hunhar. That 

 on the left is very thoroughlv saeralize(|. so that it is impossible to draw a line of separa- 

 tion throimh the lateral mass w ith absolutf certainty. It seems, howexer. hardlv po.ssible 

 hy any foKi' de force to make the "Jllth tin- /W/c/v/Z/.s- ; while the l^Ttii maybe made to 

 include all. excepting perhaps a very small part of the whole of the upper region of the 

 aurienlar snrface, and in any ease would seem to have the greatest share in supporting the 

 ilium. The arch of the ^lith \ertebra is se])arated l)y a wide gap ( 1 . o cm.) from that of 

 the 1st sacral, but in the middle the spinous process is continued down to unite with its 

 tubercle. At the place of the articular processes the laminae are united so thoroughly 

 that there is no sign of the joint. It can hardly Ije doubted that this union was con- 

 genital. 



As for the sacrum, there is little else to say, except that t\ie eoiij/ujata rcrri crosses the 

 od vertel)ra. and the auricular surfaces end at about that level. The coccyx consists only 

 of tlu'ee pieces which are all fused together and also to the sacrum. The lowest piece is 

 so large as to suggest that it is not the last, but there is no reason to believe that any were 

 lost in preparation, especially as particular care was taken. 



Here is a case of two extra praesacrals which is absolutely indisputable as far as the 

 right .side is concerned and. I think, beyond reasonable doubt on the left. Unlike the pre- 

 ceding case, there had been no great early disturbance of the course of development. I 

 very deeply regret the uncertainty concerning the left costal element of the 7th vertebra, 

 which is wanting, but wdiich mav have been injured. I nrvself believe it was lost. If it 

 be .so, this tallies with the somewhat higher position of the heads of the ribs on the left 

 side of the vertelu'ae in the lower part of the thorax. There is an undoubted addition to 

 the thorax, for the 1st lumbar is practically nin-mal. Another remarkable fact is that, 

 though the 2Gth is not a typical last lumbar, the 2oth is practically a typical penidtimate. 



Cases of this kind are excessively I'are. 15y far the best is the one which Zaaijer put 

 at Rosenberg's service. There are 7 cervicals, the last bearing ribs. 14 thoracics, and 5 

 Inmbars. While it is very much to be regretted that the ])reparati(m is not a ligamentous 

 one, I, for m\ part, am stnjngly disposed to accept it. It is more nearly a normal spine, as 

 regards pathological processes than any of the others. The next is my second case. My 

 first one shows in the neck great disturbance of the early progress of the spine, and two of 

 Varaglia's. in which there are several half vertebrae, a still u'reater. These, with the 

 exception of some siren monsters are. 1 l)elieve, all that have been described. 



