NUMERICAL VARIATION IN THE HUMAN SPINE. 279 



4'.I2. Cat. '.loT'.l-L'T. 



Female, wliite. It was noted before dissection that the body was well formed and 

 that the neck was long- and thin. C. 7, T. 12, L. 5, S. 5, (C. lost) . 



There is a verj^ small cervical rili on the left, with a minute head, neck and tuber- 

 cle, and a small pointed projection in front of the latter. This rib is so closely connected 

 by ligament that it is hard to make out that it is not fused with the vertebra. Even so. it 

 donbtless was at one time distinct. There is a smaller and le.*s characteristic costal 

 element on the right, firndy fused. The heads of the thoracic ribs are placed high 

 throughout: thus the 1st ones encroach somewhat on the body of the 7tii vertebra, and 

 the last ones are liigher than usual. The articular processes change at the junction of 

 the back and loins. The transverse processes of the loins are irregnlar, not following 

 the usual plan; but some slight injuries make it impossible to measure them. The prom- 

 ontory is below the otii lumbar. This vertebra is completely sacralized on the left, with, 

 h(jwever, a distinct projection of tiie transverse process. On tJie right the transverse 

 process rests upon the sacrum, ))ut apparently without bony union. It does not reach to 

 the region of the auricular surface. Seoi from the front, it gives the impression that this 

 vertebra must form a large part of the auricidar surface, especialh' as a swelling at the 

 base of the transverse process suggests that the boundai-y of the true |)elvis begins upon 

 it ; but seen from the side, it is clear that it forms at most Init an insignificant part of that 

 surface, and that the vertebra below it (2oth) is the fnh-rd/ is on both sides. The arch of 

 the 24th is distinctly lumbar and not fused with the sacrum internally to the articular 

 processes. The auricular surfaces on both sides just al)out reach the 3d sacral, wliicli has 

 the characteristic transverse groove. Below the last lnnil)ai- the .sicnnn is very normal. 



It is to be noted that on tlie left, on which side the cervical rib is tlie larger, there 

 is the greater tendency for the sacrum to rise, but the last thoracic rib is inucli smailt'r on 

 the right. Thus this is an instance of the derangement of the concomitant variation often 

 seen at the opposite ends of the thorax. 



257. Cat. 9.379-24. (Identity uncertain.) 



Female, white. C. 7, T. 11. L. 6, S. and (J. S. 



There is nothing remarkable in the neck and back, except that there are only eleven 

 pairs of ribs. The last are cut so that their size cannot be known ; but the\- are evidently 

 very large for last ribs. The 19th vertebra is lumbar, the change in the articular proc- 

 esses occurring above it. The right transverse process is rudimentary, being a mere point. 

 It is possible tliat a minute costal element was lost from tliat side. The 6th hnnbar (24th) 



