NUMERICAL VARIATION IN THE HUMAN SPINE. 291 



the whole of the liead of the 10th thoracic rib, but on the left the facet extends onto 

 the disc above. The transverse processes have facets for the costal tubercles 

 and resemble those of the 10th thoracic more than those of an 11th. The 18th 

 (11th thoracic) is almost a typical last one. The change of the articular processes occurs 

 l)el()\v it. The spinous process is rather lumbar, but the facets for the heads of the ribs 

 are a little too high. The lumbar vertebrae are, on the whole, very normal, but the trans- 

 verse processes after the 1st have nearly the .same spread. Those of the 4th lumbar (23d) 

 are not those of a penultimate. The 5th is a good last lumbar. The sacrum, which is cut 

 on the right, is very normal excepting, perliaps, for the too great rise of the transverse 

 elements. The 1st sacral is evidently ihe fukralifi. The promontory is single and charac- 

 teristic. The auricular surfaces just encroach on the od sacral. The change of direction 

 of the surface of the sacrum occurs on this vertel)ra, l)ut there is no distinct conjmjata vera. 

 The coccyx has four pieces and is (|uite normal, the 1st vertebra being typical. 



Tlie 1st rib on the right, coming from the 7th cervical vertebra, is very like a normal 

 1st one placed a vertebra too high, except that beyond the tubercle it is rather small. A 

 straight line from the back of the tubercle to the end measures 7.8 cm. The concave edge 

 is 8 cm. long. The breadth a little behind the junction with the cartilage is 17 mm., a 

 little less than usual. The costal cartilage when fresh was 5.5 cm. long. It joined that of 

 the next rib, the two occupying all the lateral border of the manubrium and reaching that 

 of tlie 2(1 thoracic rib. The 1st thoracic rib on the right is a good 2d rib, but uncom- 

 monly broad. 



The first rib on the left is a cervical rib, with head, neck and tubercle nearly as large as 

 those of its fellow, but with a small shaft which ends in a knob resting on the next rib at 

 about its middle. It measures 6.5 cm. along the concave edge. A groove behind the 

 terminal knob marks in all probability the course of the subcla\aan artery, and a very 

 faint depression near the inner border of the next rib, that of the vein. This latter rib 

 (i. e., that of the 8th vertebra) is very broad, measuring 2.2 cm. at the front, and even 

 more further back where it presents a tuljercle, apparently from a distinct ossific centre, 

 presumably for the rhomboid ligament. 



The left half of the sternum was lost. The right half shows an upward growth of the 

 manubrium, on the side of which the head of the clavicle rests, above the level of the top 

 of the 1st cartilage. The manubrium and the second piece are firmly grown together, but 

 the others are all distinct. Seven ribs in all reached the sternum, and the next approached 

 it very closely. 



The lumbar region presents certain curious separate ossifications below the inferior 

 articular processes, which they prolong downward. They are largest below the 2d lumbar, 

 where the right one is 8 mm. long and 7 across. The left one is a little longer and nar- 



