NUMERICAL VARIATION IN THE HUMAN SPINE. 295 



which is continued by its cartihige to the normal place for the Lst rili, without any 

 communication with the cartilage of the next. The course of the cartilage is pecul- 

 iar inasmuch as it descends much more steeply than usual. The head, neck, and tu- 

 bercle would do perfectly for a 1st rib, but the shaft is narrower, being at the end only 

 15 mm. It is placed very much on one side, so that the inner border is much more 

 a superior one. The length from the tubercle to the outer l)order of the front end 

 is 6.5 cm. in a straight line. There is a well-marked scalene tubercle with a very deep 

 groove behind it. The groove for the vein is also deeper than usual. The 7th vertebra 

 bears on the right a rudimentary cervical rib. The head, neck and tubercle are only about 

 half as large as those of the left one. The shaft ends free in a sharp point, only 3.2 cm. 

 from the tubex'cle. A curved, pointed pi-ojection, partly cartilage and partly bone, 18 mm. 

 long, arises from the lower bordei- of the right clavicular notch of the sternum and runs 

 upward and outward as if to meet the ril). I am not aware whether there was any con- 

 necting ligament. 



The riljs of the 8th vertebra are l)oth peculiar. The left one, though ending by its 

 cartilage at the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum, is in shape Uke a 3d 

 rib. The right one, though having a trace of a scalene tubercle and two faint grooves for 

 the artery and vein, is a 2d rib in length, shape and direction, but rather broad at the end 

 (2 cm.) . It is inserted by its cartilage into the whole side of the manubrium from below 

 the clavicular notch to the lower border. The body of the 8th vertebi-a is flat above like 

 a 2d thoracic. The facet for the rib encroaches decidedly on the 7th vertebra on the right, 

 and probably slightly on the left. The next ribs rest on two bodies, which condition con- 

 tinues to the top of the 18th vertebra. Seven ribs in all join the sternum on the left, and 

 six on the right, besides the rudiment of the anterior end of the cervical one. The pair of 

 ribs arising between the 8th and 9th vertebrae (the place of origin of the normal 2(1 

 thoracic) end symmetrically at the place of the normal 3d pair. Below tliis the arrange- 

 ment of the cartilages is regular and symmetrical. The left rib on the 18th vertebra is 

 about 15.4 cm. long, following the curve. The right one is broken, but also long. The 

 heads are at the top of the body, encroaching on the disc above it. The 19th vertebra 

 has a small transverse process on the left ; Ijut on the right there is the free head of a 

 minute rib which is broken off about 1 cm. from its origin. It rests on the pedicle rather 

 than on the body. The change of the articular processes occurs on the left below the 18th 

 and on the right below the 19th, which is significant in connection with the concUtion of 

 the first and last ribs. The 19th is the first to have a lumbar spinous process, though it 

 is hardly a tyjjical one. The lumbar transverse processes have the widest spread in the 

 22d. The 23d has rather small transverse processes and rather resembles a penultimate 

 than a last lumbar. It is hardly possible to doubt that the 24th (the 1st sacral) is the 



