BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 423 



c. Smaller (wing averaging less than 78, tail averaging less than 56, culmen aver- 

 aging less than 44) ; bill more slender; white spotting or barring of secondaries 

 less distinct, sometimes nearly obsolete; adult male with foreneck chestnut- 

 rufous, like chest; adult female with anterior under parts strongly suffused 

 with buff. (Guianas; lower Amazon Valley?) 



CMoroceryle americana americana (extralimital).o 



cc. Larger (wing averaging more than 81, tail averaging more than 56, culmen 



averaging more than 46); bill stouter; white spotting or barring of secondaries 



more distinct; adult male with foreneck white like throat; adult female 



with anterior under parts less strongly buffy. 



d. Smaller (averaging: Wing 81.3 in male, 83.2 in female; tail 56.6 in male, 



57.7 in female; culmen 46.8 in male, 47.1 in female); coloration darker, 



with white spotting on secondaries, etc., less conspicuous, adult male with 



foreneck less extensively white and blackish submalar streak heavier. 



(Eastern Panama to State of Chiapas, southern Mexico.) 



CMoroceryle americana isthmica (p. 428). 

 dd. Larger (averaging: Wing 83.6 in male, 86 in female; tail 58.1 in male, 

 59.9 in female; culmen 47.4 in male, 46.1 in female); coloration lighter 

 (through greater extent of white markings on upper parts and (in females) 

 greater purity of white on under parts); adult male with foreneck more 

 extensively white and blackish submalar streak narrower, sometimes 

 obsolete. (Mexico in general, except State of Chiapas, and adjacent 

 border of United States.) 



CMoroceryle americana septentrionalis (p. 431). 

 aa. Sides and flanks uniform orange-chestnut; males with chest, also, uniform orange- 

 chestnut, females with a band across chest of greenish black or bronzy black 

 (sometimes barred with white) . 

 b. Larger (wing 95-105.5, tail 61.5-73, exposed culmen 48-56); abdomen, lower 

 breast, and under tail-coverts orange-chestnut like rest of under parts. (East- 

 em Nicaragua to Brazil) CMoroceryle inda (p. 434). 



a [Alcedo] americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 451 (based on Martin-pecheur 

 du Bresil Brisson, Orn., iv, 510; Martin-picheur vert et blanc de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. 

 Enl., pi. 591; etc.). — Ceryle americana Boie, Isis, 1828, 316; Sharpe, Mon. Alced., 

 1870, 89, part, pi. 26; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvii, 1892, 131, part. — Ceryle americana 

 americana American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 

 184. — C[hloroceryle] americana Reichenbach, Handb., Alced., 1851, 27, pi. 413, figs. 

 3112, 3113.— (?) [Alcedo] brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 450 (based on 

 Ispida brasiliensis Brisson, iv, p. 510; Gip-gip Buffon, etc.). — C[hloroceryle] chaldtes 

 Reichenbach, Handb., Alced., 1851, 28, pi. 415, figs. 3120, 3121 (Guiana). 



For the present I restrict this, the original form, to the Guianas, though its range 

 may really include the lower Amazon Valley, possibly Trinidad and Tobago also; but 

 the material available is not sufficient to enable me to work out the South American 

 forms satisfactorily. So far as it goes the material examined strongly indicates the 

 existence of several unrecognized forms, each at least quite as strongly noarked as C. 

 a. cabanisi of Peru, at least one of which is already provided with a name. This is the 

 large form of southern Brazil, Paraguay, etc., which may be called CMoroceryle 

 americana viridis (Alcedo viridis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xix, 1818, 413, based 

 on Martin-pescador verde oscuro Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 389). The bu-ds from 

 Venezuela and Colombia are recognizably different from the Guiana form and also from 

 that occurring in Panama and northward (C. a. isthmica); and doubtless other definite 

 geographic areaa will be found to have peculiar forms. 



