BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 771 



for 1897-99 (1900), 101 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1 spec, no date; Bayou dea 

 Allemands, 1 spec, winter 1878-79).— Grinnell (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, 

 no. 3, 1902, 35 (California range).— Rathbun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 134 

 (Seattle, Washington, flight, Nov. and Dec, 1896).— Deane, Auk, xix, 1902, 

 271-283 (unusual abundance in New England and Canada during winter of 

 1901-'2); xxiii, 1906, 283-298 (unusual abundance in winter of 1905-6; 

 records). — Butler, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 271 (Indiana records). — Beyer, Alli- 

 son, and KoPMAN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 443 (Baton Rouge and Bayou dea 

 Allemands, Louisiana, winter 1878-79).— Kermode, Provincial Mus. Vic- 

 toria, 1909, 47 (s. in winter to mouth of Fraser R., Chilliwack, and Okanogan, 

 occasionally to Vancouver L; resident in n. Brit. Columbia). — Jewett, Auk, 

 xxvii, 1910, 340 (Sheridan, Dougal Co., Oregon, 1 spec, Nov. 30, 1909).— 

 Wayne, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 454 (near Winnsboro, Fairfield Co., South Caro- 

 lina, Nov. 28, 1908). 



N[yctea] nyctea Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 264. 



[Nyctea] nyctea Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 284. 



Ulula nyctea Giebel, Vog., 1860, 279. 



Strix (Surnia) nyctea Radde, Reisen, 1863, 124. 



Bubo nyctea Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 373 (Archangel, Russia). 



Strix nivea Thunberg, K. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl., xix, 1798, 184 (Lappmark).— 

 Daudin, Traite d'Om., ii, 1800, 190. 



Noctua nivea Brehm, Isis, 1834, 246. 



N[yctea] nivea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, 34. 



Nyctea nivea Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, pi. 12, fig. 2.— Reinhardt, Joum. fiir 

 Om., 1854, 438 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland).— Cassin, Illustr. 

 Birds Calif., Tex., etc., 1854, 190; in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 



1858, 63.— Strickland, Om. Syn., i, 1855, 194.— Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 



1859, no. 61.— CouES and Prentiss, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1861 

 (1862), 402 (District Columbia in winter).— Boardm an, Proc Bost. Soc. 

 N. H.', ix, 1862, 123 (Calais, Maine, probably breeding).— Dresser, Ibis, 

 1865, 330 (San Antonio, Texas).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y., viii, 1866, 

 281 (vicinity of New York City).— Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 

 120 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 325.— Gould, Birds Great Brit., 

 i 1863 pi. 34, and text.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).— Dall 

 and bInnister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 273 (Alaska).-CooPER, 

 Om. Calif., 1870, 447 (no California record to date).— Snow, Birds Kansas, 

 1873, 2 (rare in winter).— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, vii, 1881, 128 (Ft. 

 Walla Walla, Washington, Dec 1).— Deane, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 100 (large 

 flight in n. e. Illinois, Nov. 14-Dec 9, 1905). 



[Nyctea] nivea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 36.-Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 39, 



no. 377.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 205. 

 Nyctea scandiaca, var. nivea Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 61, footnote. 

 Haemena nivea Zander, Naturg. Vog. Mecklenbergs, heft 2, 1838, 119. 

 Leuchybris nivea Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 105. 

 Str[ix] Candida Latham, Index Om., Suppl., 1801, p. xiv (based on La Chomtte 



blanche Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr., etc., 172, pi. 45; Strix nivea Daudrn, u. 190; 



Ermine Owl Latham, Gen. Syn. Sup., ii, 60, no. 7). 

 Nyctia Candida Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 217. 

 Nyctea Candida Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 6. 

 Stnx erminea Shaw, Gen. Zool., vii, pt. 1, 1809, 251 (based on Stracandrda Latham; 



La Chouette blanche Levaillant, Ois., pi. 45; Ermine Owl Latham, Suppl., 2). 

 Nyctea erminea Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. in, 1826, 63. 

 Nyctea nivea europaea Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 2. 



