BEETLE GENUS ONTHOPHAGUS — HOWDEN, CARTWRIGHT 53 



(Oconee Co.), Pinnacle Mtn. Tennessee: Gatlinburg. Virginia: Draper, 

 Mayland, Vienna, west Virginia: Lost River State Park, Tucker Co., White 

 Sulphur Springs. Wisconsin: Madison, Milwaukee Co. 



Remarks.— Of the various forms in the orpheus complex, canadensis 

 seems to form the most uniform group. Tiie subspecies can be dis- 

 tinguished by the pronotal disc centrally with small nonsetigerous 

 punctures, the punctures lacking tubercles at their anterior margins. 

 The head and pronotum often have a coppery cast that may also be 

 present on the elytra. The elytral intervals, particularly the third 

 and fifth, are distinctly punctate, the punctures lacking tubercles at 

 their anterior margins and with setae fine and inconspicuous. 0. o. 

 canadensis can be separated from other species of Onthophagus in the 

 same manner as typical orpheus. 



The name canadensis is used for this form even though Fabricius 

 did not mention the "coppery color" in his description. However, 

 Palisot de Beauvois (1809) redescribed the "species," supposedl^^ using 

 material taken in "Canada" by the same collector. He also figured 

 canadensis, and there can be no doubt about the coppery color. 

 Actually, the coppery cast is not always indicative of the subspecies, 

 but the majorit}^ of specimens, particularly those from Canada, show 

 the coppery or reddish hue to some degree. 



The subspecies occurs from Ontario and the New England States 

 southward to Maryland and thence down the Appalachian Mountains 

 to South Carolina. Biologically the subspecies seems to be closely 

 associated with the woodchuck, Marmota monax (Linnaeus) ; we have 

 no records of it from any other type of nests or burrows, though a few 

 specimens have been taken on cow dung. It is largely a northern 

 woodland form and occurs only at the higher elevation in the south- 

 eastern United States (fig. 6). 



Onthophagus orpheus pseudorpheus, new subspecies 



Plate 4, Figures 31-33 



HoLOTYPE. — Male major, length 8.0, width 4.3 mm. Dorsal sur- 

 faces green with a faint coppery cast on the clypeus, frons, and bi- 

 furcated portion of the pronotal protuberance; ventral sufaces green 

 to greenish black with tibiae greenish brown; antennal club grayish 

 brown. Clypeus distinctly reflexed anteriorly, noticeably sliallowl}^ 

 emarginate medially, sides of emargination broadly rounded; clypeal 

 disc with mixed coarse and fine punctures, sHghtly more so laterally; 

 man}^ of the coarse punctures with long erect setae; clypeal carina 

 distinct, becoming highest medially where it forms a sharp angle or 

 point. Frons and genae with scattered coarse and fine punctures, 

 most coarse punctures with long, erect setae; frontal carina widely 



