568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 117 



have been neglected in the Percidae. Only 13 papers, covering 16 

 species in 3 genera, report tubercles. I can now triple the number of 

 species and add 2 genera. Jordan's (1877) description of the tubercles 

 on Percina evides is the first such record for this family. From 1931 

 to 1958, tubercles were reported by Vladykov, 1931 {Zingel streher); 

 Hubbs and Cannon, 1935 (Etheostoma serriferum, E. gracile, E. 

 Jusirforme); Bailey, 1948 (Percina evides, P. {Imostoma) species, 

 Etheostoma nianguae); Moore and Cross, 1950 (Etheostoma cragini); 

 Moore and Rigney, 1952 (E. radiosum) ; Cross, 1954 (Percina shumardi, 

 Etheostoma gracile); Hubbs, 1954 (Percina shumardi); Cross and 

 Minckley, 1958 (Etheostoma stigmaeum); Winn, 1958b (E. stigmaeum, 

 E. nfiicroperca) . In recent years, tubercles have been reported by 

 CoUette, 1962 (the six species of the subgenus Hololepis, adding 

 Etheostoma zoniferum, E. collis, E. saludae to the three noted by Hubbs 

 and Cannon, 1935); Distler and Metcalf, 1962 (E. pallididorsum) ; 

 and Bailey and Richards, 1963 (E. hopkinsi). 



Methods. — In order to find tuberculate material, or to ascertain 

 that a given species is not tuberculate, it was necessary to examine 

 large numbers of specimens. Particular attention was paid to collec- 

 tions made during the spring. Specimens were examined under a 

 binocular microscope and compressed air was used to dry the scales 

 and fin-rays to make the tubercles discernible. The presence of 

 tubercles is ephemeral in many species; therefore the fact that I have 

 not recorded them for a given species does not prove that they do 

 not occur. Gonad development was frequently estimated and re- 

 corded, especially in cases where tubercles were not found. The 

 descriptions of breeding tubercles of each species are based on the 

 specimens with the best developed tubercles, although, when adequate 

 collections were available, additional specimens were utilized to trace 

 seasonal development. Catalog numbers, locality, and date of collec- 

 tion are given for at least the best tuberculate material examined of 

 each species. 



The study is based upon a survey of the percids in the collections 

 of the U.S. National Museum (USNM), Cornell University (CU), 

 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), and Tidane 

 University (TU), with additional observations on specimens from the 

 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) , University of Kansas (KU) , Virginia 

 Polytechnic Institute (VPI), University of Georgia (UG), University 

 of Mississippi (UM), Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Uni- 

 versity of Texas (TNHC), University of Florida (UF), Florida State 

 University (FSU), and Charles University, Prague. I have examined 

 preserved males in breeding condition of at least 100 the approximately 



