578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 117 



Specimens with tubercles of P. caprodes carbonaria have been 

 found in five collections, dating from April 14 (CU 32822, Missouri, 

 Lamine R.) to May 18 (TU 15493, Arkansas, Arkansas R..)- Tubercles 

 were found on males of P. c. caprodes X P- c. semifasciata (DeKay) 

 intergrades taken April 20 (CU 8238, Pennsylvania, Shenango R., 88- 

 110 mm. standard length). A male P. caprodes with well-developed 

 tubercles (TU 15493, 102 mm.) had tubercles on the modified mid- 

 ventral scales, 5 rows on each side of the modified midventral row, 8 

 rows per side just anterior to the genital papilla, 4 rows along each side 

 of the anal fin base, and 11 ventral caudal peduncle rows. The pelvic 

 and anal fins and the venter of females lack pigment; these areas are 

 darkened in males. Winn (1958b, p. 172) reported that both sexes of 

 Michigan P. caprodes were of equal size, that the anal fins of males 

 were larger than those of females, and that breeding tubercles were 

 absent. 



In spawning, the female P. caprodes stops over sand or gravel 

 ahead of a male. The male swims up and mounts her with his pelvic 

 fins over her relaxed fh'st dorsal fin and his tuberculate lower sides 

 in contact with her sides (Reighard, 1913; Winn, 1958a; 1958b, 

 fig. 4). Sometimes accessory males vibrate with the spawning pair 

 (Winn, 1958a). 



One tuberculate male of Percina rex was examined (CU 16910, 

 Virginia, Roanoke R., March 27, 105 mm.). It has tubercles on 

 2-3 rows of scales on each side of the midventral row and on the 

 posterior ventral portion of the caudal peduncle. A female and a 

 smaller male from this collection lack tubercles. 



Subgenus Ericosma Jordan and Copeland 



Three species are presently placed in this subgenus: evides (Jordan 

 and Copeland), crassa (Jordan and Brayton), and palmaris (Bailey). 

 The two latter species apparently lack tubercles, but males of P. 

 evides have well-developed tubercles on numerous parts of the body 

 (fig. 2). Jordan's (1877) discovery of tubercles on the pelvic and anal 

 fins of P. evides was the first record of tubercles in the Percidae. 

 Bailey (1948) also noted tubercles on the lower fins of this species. 



Tubercles are present on males of P. evides in several collections 

 taken from March 10 (UMMZ 103459, Tennessee, Chnch R.) to 

 June 29 (UMMZ 131458, North Carolina, Swain Co.). Tubercles 

 are present on the ventral surfaces of all pelvic soft rays (but ap- 

 parently are absent from the spine), dorsally on the distal parts of 

 pelvic soft rays 1-3, and laterally on the anal spines and soft rays. 

 The tubercles are quite small and conical and, lacking pigment, 

 stand out in contrast to the daridy pigmented fins. In males with 



