NO. 3539 HAMMERHEAD SHARKS — GILBERT 31 



It is present in the eastern Atlantic, at least off the northwest coast 

 of Africa (Cadenat, 1951, pp. 96-97) and in the Red Sea, Despite 

 its presence in the last two areas, there are no substantiated records 

 from the intervening Mediterranean (Tortonese, 1950a, p. 36). 

 This is probably not due to lack of adequate collecting, as certain 

 other species, such as the carcharhinid shark Rhizoprionodon acutus 

 (Victor G. Springer, pers. comm.), show a similar hiatus in 

 distribution. 



Sphyrna mokarran is present in the eastern Pacific from the Gulf 

 of California south to Panama and probably northwestern South 

 America. It occurs in the Pacific from southern Japan south to 

 Australia, although it appears to be absent from New Zealand and 

 the more eastern parts of Oceania. S. mokarran is found through- 

 out the East Indies and westward, in the northern Indian Ocean, to 

 east Africa. 



Sphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena (Linnaeus) 



Figures 8, 9, 21c, 22c; Plate 6c 



Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, 1758, p. 234. (By reference to illustration by 

 Willughby, 1686; no type specimen; type locality, "Europe," "America.") 



Squalus zygena Bonnaterre, 1788, p. 9. (Atlantic and Mediterranean.) 



Sphyrna zygaena Rafinesque, 1810, p. 46. (Identification by included references; 

 Sicily.) 



ICestrorhinus caroliniensis Blainville, 1816, p. 121. (Name only.) 



ICestrorhinus ■pidus Blainville, 1816, p. 121. (Name only.) 



Zygaena zygaena Cuvier, 1817, p. 127. (General; identification by references.) 



Zygaena malleus Valenciennes, 1822, p. 223. ("French" coasts; Brazil.) 



Zygaena vulgaris Cloquet, 1830, p. 621. (At least in part; general.) 



Zygaena subarcuata Storer, 1848, p. 70. (Identified by description of 2 ft. speci- 

 men; type presumably in MCZ [not located]; type locality, Provincetown, 

 Cape Cod.) 



Sphyrnias zygaena Gray, 1851, p. 48. (In part; identification by references, but 

 also includes lewini [misspelled "lewisii"].) 



Sphyrna malleus van der Hoeven, 1855, p. 262. (General; Mediterranean; identi- 

 fication by reference to Linnaeus.) 



Cestracion zygaena Gill, 1861, p. 403. (Name only; identification by reference 

 to Linnaeus, 1758.) 



Cestracion subarcuata GiU, 1862, p. 59. (Name only; evidently based on Zygaena 

 subarcuata Storer, 1848.) 



ICestracyon zygaena Poey, 1881, p. 348. (Refers primarily to Sphyrna lewini; 

 specimens from Mediterranean may apply in part to S. zygaena.) 



IZygoena malleus Sauvage, 1891, p. 510. (May refer entirely or in part to Sphyrna 

 lewini.) 



ISphyrna {Zygaena) zygaena Imms, 1905, p. 43. (Pharyngeal denticles; name 

 only ; may refer entirely or in part to S. lewini.) 



ISphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena McCulloch and Whitley, 1925, p. 129. (Reference; 

 may refer in part to S. lewini.) 



Sphyrna (Cestracion) zygaena von Bonde, 1933, p. 377. (South Africa; skull and 

 nerves; identification by photo of head.) 



