ART. 1 LARVAE OF AMEKICAN TENEBRIONINAE ST. GEORGE. 3 



The morphological structures here examined are those which 

 8chiodte discussed in his conspectus and upon the different develop- 

 ment of which he formulated his diagnoses. It was due entirely to 

 a lack of sufficient material when Schiodte's conspectus was formu- 

 lated that it is now antiquated. His methods of research, however, 

 and his sound judgment are still unsurpassed. 



SUBFAMILY CHARACTERIZATION. 



Mandible with the back opposite the cutting edge, without mar- 

 gination ^ and excavated opposite the molar pait ; without membra- 

 nous elevation ^ ; apically bifid or trifid ; with or without additional 

 dorsal tooth between apex and molar part. Ocelli * arranged in two 

 transverse, crescent shaped or circular groups on each side of head, 

 and with five more or less fused lenses ; or with only opthalmic spots 

 which vary from being distinct to vanishing. Antenna * with basal 

 article distinctly longer than wide. Labrum dorsally without trans- 

 verse, densely setose elevation. Leg with claw falcate, enlarged at 

 base on exterior side. Pygidium apically bicomute, or without cerci 

 and with side margins sharp and bearing short spine-like setae. 

 Anal segment with or without projecting and retractile ambulatory 

 warts (verrucae). Abdominal spiracles oval and transverse. 



AFFINITIES BETWEEN THE SUBFAMILIES TENEBRIONINAE AND 



BLAPTINAE. 



The value of the subfamily diagnosis of the Tenebrionidae as 

 given above, depends more on the exact combination of the char- 

 acters chosen than on a very special and exclusive development of 

 the single characters; hence the diagnosis is formulated with rather 

 liberal allowance for considerable variation in most of them. In 

 this connection it is interesting to notice that through a series of 

 genera these structures show a gradually increasing similarity to 

 the corresponding structures in the genera Blaps^ Eleodes^ and Em- 

 haphion, which constitute an entirely different subfamily, namely, 

 the Blaptinae. 



In the genera Xylopirms, Haplandrus, Polyplewrus^ Iphthimus^ 

 Alobates^ and Glyptotus, which represent the most typical forms of 

 the subfamily Tenebrioninae, the left mandible has a trifid apex (a % 

 a-, «.^, fig. 32) and an additional tooth {t) on the dorsal side near 

 apex; the right mandible is also trifid (a% a'^^a^^ fig. 33) but lacks 

 the additional tooth {t) between the apex and molar part. In TJpis^ 



• Except Rhinandrus and Zophoias, which have slight marginations and membranoua 

 elevations. 



* In small immature larvae the ocelli are more prominent and the proportions o 

 antennal articles variable. In Scotobates the basal article is nearly as wide as long and 

 the second article is long and globose. 



