STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND 

 ECOLOGY OF THE LARVAE OF HOLARCTIC TIGER- 

 BEETLES (FAMILY CICINDELIDAE). 



By Clyde C. Hamilton, 



Associate Entomologist, University of Maryland. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Larvae of the Cicindelidae were first noted in literature as early 

 as 1798. The first work of importance is that of J. C. Schiodte : De 

 Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum observationes, Carabi. in 1867. His 

 observations, descriptions, and figures of Cicindela hyhrida and C. 

 cajupestris are excellent. George H. Horn, in 1878, gave a detailed 

 description of a larva from each of the four genera occuring in the 

 United States. His descriptions are too general to be of much 

 morphological or taxonomical value. During the same year and 

 several succeeding years F. G. Schaupp published a number of 

 notes on tiger-beetle larvae. 



From this time until 1905 very little attention was given to the 

 study of the larvae. In 1907 Dr. V. E. Shelford published in the 

 Biological Bulletin an excellent account of the habits and distribu- 

 tion of a number of the species occurring in the vicinity of Chicago, 

 Illinois. The following year he published on the life history and 

 habits of these same species and considered their relation to hiberna- 

 tion, depth of burrow, moisture, temperature, etc. In later papers 

 he has made detailed comparisons of the ecology of the larvae of the 

 same species and of different species from widely separated regions. 



During 1907 and 1910 Norman Criddle published in the Canadian 

 Entomologist excellent accounts of the habits and life histories of a 

 number of the species occuring in Manitoba, Canada. Some of the 

 more interesting facts he pointed out are the increased depth of the 

 burrow, the smaller size of the species and the lengthening of the 

 life history, due to the long severe winters and short summers. 



An interesting paper on the habits of Amhlychila Gylmdriformis 

 was published in the Entomological News for 1914 by F. X. Wil- 

 liams and H. B. Hungerford. The most comprehensive work on all 

 stages of the Cicindelidae, however, is that of Walter Horn, pub- 

 lished in the Genera Insectorum. He discusses practically every 



No. 2530.— Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 65. Art. 17- 

 45554— 25— Proc.N.M.vol.65 32 I 



