? Emetila ramulosa Rafinesque in S. Watson Bibl. 
Ind. N. Am. Bot. (1878) 158, nom. in syn. 
Cassine yaupon Gatschet in Trans. St. Louis Acad. 
Sci. 5 (1888) 88, nom. nud. 
I. Peragua (.) Trelease in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. 
Louis 5 (1889) 346, in obs. 
I. caroliniana (Luam.) Loesener in Bot. Centralbl. 47 
(1891) 163. 
I. vomitoria [Soland. in] Aiton var. Yawhkeyii Tarbox 
Some Nat. Hollies in Brookgreen Gardens (1944) 19, 
sine diagn. lat. 
Cassine vonutoria Swanton in Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnol. 
137 (1946) 284, nom. nud. 
Perhaps the earliest widespread reference to the yau- 
pon in a botanical publication was made by Bauhin and 
Cherler in their encyclopaedic ‘‘Historia plantarum uni- 
versalis”’ 8 (1651) 631. No description of the plant was 
given. The title, ‘‘Herba Cassiana, famen sitimque re- 
tardans,’’ of the brief discussion, which reported the use 
of the infusion of the leaves as a stimulant, referred to 
the hunger-allaying properties of the shrub. This refer- 
ence is an elaboration of an earlier report by Bauhin 
(Pinax (1628) 170), based upon what appears to be the 
first account of the black-drink (Nufiez Cabeca de Vaca 
‘*Relaci6n y comentarios. ...*’ (1542) cap. 26), herein 
reproduced (Plate X XIV). 
Later, Leonard Plukenet described the species as Cas- 
sine vera Floridanorum Arbuscula baccifera Alternati 
Ferme facie, foliis alternatim sitis, tetrapyrene (‘*‘Opera 
omnia botanica’’ 8 (1691) 40) and published what is ap- 
parently the earliest illustration (loc. cit. 4 (1692) t. 876, 
f. 2). No mention seems to have been made of the use of 
the plant. 
It is to Mark Catesby (‘“The natural history of Caro- 
lina, Florida and the Bahama Islands’’ 2 (1754) 57) that 
we are indebted for the first definite and convincing iden- 
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