thick brown substance which is cut into blocks and sold 
as kath by druggists. These cubes or blocks are redis- 
solved in hot water and cooled into a semi-liquid for use 
with pan; or the cubes are cut into small pieces and 
used as such. 
2. Kath, white kath, or gambier, from Uncaria Gam- 
bir. The leaves and twigs are boiled in water and the 
concentrated decoction is then cooled to get acrystalline 
substance. This is cut into cubes or blocks and sold in 
the market. The cubes are redissolved in water into a 
semi-liquid for use with pan. 
3. Kath from Areca Catechu seeds. As already de- 
scribed under nut-curing, a semi-liquid is obtained by 
boiling several charges of seeds. This chongaru, on dry- 
ing, can be cut into blocks or cubes to be sold as kath. 
b. Tobacco 
There are various preparations of tobacco for use with 
pan. ‘The tobacco used is a strong-smelling country-cured 
tobacco with each leaf pressed into a sticklike form. It 
comes to the market in small bundles. 
1. Khaina. A thin layer of lime is applied to the left 
palm and the chewing tobacco is rubbed and _ pressed 
with the right-hand thumb which has also a thin layer 
of lime. ‘This pressed lime-tobacco is then placed in the 
mouth over the chewed pan. This limed tobacco is called 
khaina. 
2. Jharada. This is tobacco chewed with pan and other 
ingredients and is used mostly in northern India. 
3. Tombacu. In Hindustani, tombacu means tobacco. 
The country-cured tobacco is powdered and moistened 
with gur (jaggary) dissolved in water. It is variously 
pressed and often is made into grain-like form for use in 
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