chewing. In this form of chewing, mostly pan trinity is 
used with tobacco. Tobacco is also mixed with some 
spices, as in gundi and jharada. 
As in the plain pan chewing, the process is the same: 
first the nuts are placed in the mouth, followed by leaves; 
generally this class of chewers use more lime than the 
non-habitual chewers. After the nuts and leaves are 
chewed a little, they use the kind of tobacco to which 
they are addicted ; some people prefer the rashed rhizome 
of Smilax calophylla. 
e. Ceremonial Utilization 
To attempt to write about the ceremonial uses of 
betel nut and betel leaves in India in this paper may be 
likened to an attempt to write the cultural history of 
the people of India in one sentence. There is no cere- 
mony, there is no occasion, there is not a day in an In- 
dian’s life where the pan does not play its part. The 
happiest part of honeymoons, the happiest part of mar- 
ried life is spent over pan. The young couples, on the 
day’s work well done, retreating to their seclusion after 
meals, talk out their hearts and pour out their affection 
while the bashful young wife prepares pan quid with 
selected leaves. The parents, in Indian families, plan out 
and discuss the day’s outcome of work, the family affairs, 
children, their education, over pan; while children clus- 
ter about grandmother to hear fairy stories at leisure over 
her pan. 
Indian families, as a class, abhor anything narcotic, 
anything alcoholic, and regard them as degrading to 
the human soul. Even the pan, which has no narcotic 
effect, is not allowed to be used by children or youths 
at a tender age. 
d. Medicinal Utilization 
Betel nuts. Medically they are chiefly used in veteri- 
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