HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 3 



No. 14 (2). Lamp of brass. Reservoir mounted on rod and stand; 



several spouts. Italian 129400 



No. 15 (3). Lamp of glass having two tubes, for burning lard or whale 

 oil. United States. Eighteenth and early nineteenth 

 centuries 130610 



No. 16 (4). Lamp, with chimney, draft around the wick, and oil under 



pressure. Argand's invention. United States 130667 



No. 17 (5). Lamp. " Fluid" or camphene, burned by means of wick and 



tubes and without chimney. United States 178189 



No. 18 (6). Lamp, with chimney and Argand burner, oil under forced 



pressure of a spring. France 130669 



No. 19 (7). Lamp, with chimney; burner ventilated; tubular wick, rais- 

 ing refined petroleum by capillarity. United States, 1876_ 73829 



No. 20 (8). Gas burner. United States 178190 



No. 21. Electric arc lamp. (No cut.) The familiar arc lamp would 

 appear here. 



No. 22 (9). Incandescent hood for gas burner. Welsbach's invention 178192 



No. 23 (10). Incandescent electric lamp 178191 



TORCH AND CANDLE 



This series epitomizes the development of the candle, beginning 

 with the use of fireflies and the burning of the fat bodies of fishes or 

 birds, and of faggots of resinous wood. Continuing, the series shows 

 torches, consisting of rudely aggregated slivers of wood or sheets of 

 bark, torches of more careful manufacture, torches made of wax 

 or resin inclosed in palm leaf forming an exterior wick, torches of 

 rope or cords soaked in wax or resin, the crude beginning of the 

 candle, and follows through formed candles, dipped candles, and 

 molded candles, terminating with the elegant art candles of the 

 present day. 



While the line of development has proceeded from the rude torch 

 to the candle, the steps marked by the specimens in the series are sug- 

 gestive, embracing devices employed by many different peoples and 

 at divers times. Following the torch in the line of development comes 

 the lamp, which separates from the stem of the torch at a period 

 when oils and fats came to be used. This may have occurred after 

 the domestication of animals whose fat was available ; at the time of 

 the discovery of mineral oils, or of the utilization of vegetable oils, 

 such as that of the olive and coconut. 



TORCH 



The torches in the Museum collection come from peoples who have 

 made little progress in the arts of civilization or have survived in 

 use among civilized peoples not in contact with progress. Naturally 

 the smoky torch was suitable only for out-of-door illumination, but 

 smaller splints of resinous wood could be used without discomfort 

 indoors. 



The torch may be considered as the most primitive device for 

 artificial illumination. It can be as simple as a brand taken from the 



