2 BULLETIN 141_, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



subject of illumination and the development of light inventions 

 beginning with the early camp fire is taken up first. 



There is presented a synoptic series showing the steps in the 

 development of illumination, which forms the basis of the classifica- 

 tion so far as it concerns the evolution of lighting devices. The 

 series mentioned is shown in plates 1 and 2 of this work : ^ 



TOECH AND CANDLE 



No. 1. Folded palm leaf used as a torch. East Indies. 



No. 2. Stormy petrel, burned in the Orkney Islands for light 178160 



No. 3. Candle fish in a split stick, burned for light. Alaska 178161 



No. 4. Torch made of birch bark. Iroquois Indians 178162 



No. 6. Torch made of split fat-pine knots. Virginia 129997 



No. 6. Torch made of a bundle of slivers of fat pine. Southern Indians- 178163 

 No. 7. Torch made of dammar gum wrapped in palm leaves. Malays — 76727 

 No. 8. Torch or " link " made by soaking rope in resin. Europe in the 



Middle Ages 178164 



No. 9. Torch composed of cords soaked in fat or wax. Europe, six- 

 teenth century 178165 



Nos. 10 and 11. Cord soaked in fat or wax, coiled, for lighting. England- 178166 

 No. 12. Rush soaked in grease, forming a primitive candle. England — 178167 



No. 13. Stick smeared with grease for lighting. Mongolia 178168 



No. 14. Mass of fat formed upon a stick, around which is wound a wick 



of fiber. Kashmir, India 175141 



No. 15. Tallow dip with rush wick, later cotton. Northern Europe. 

 No. 16. Candles formed of wax ; wick of fiber. Japan and North 



Africa 128246,178169 



No. 17. Molded candles. Patent candles of stearine, parafflne, and wax, 



and decorated candles. Nineteenth century 178171 



LAMP 



No. 1. Firefly lamp. Perforated tree gourd in which fireflies are con- 

 fined for light. West Indies. 



No. 2. Lamp made from the skull of a sheep 178186 



No. 3. Lamp. Pecten shell with oil and wick of rush pith mounted on 



a forked branch. Aiuos, Japan 178187 



No. 4. Lamp. Unworked beach stone, with concavity, supplied with fiber 



wick and oil. Aleuts, Alaska 13017 



No. 5. Lamp. Hollowed beach stone with moss wick arranged along 



one edge. Eskimos, Alaska 16900 



No. 6. Lamp. Fusus shell suspended. Orkney Islands 178188 



No. 7. Saucer lamp with shallow grooves for wick. India. 



No. 8. Lamp. Terra cotta saucer. India 164920 



No. 9. Saucer lamp with pinched-up spout for wick. India. 



No. 10. Stone lump with pointed spout. Kashmir, India. 



No. 11. Lamp of terra cotta. Reservoir almost closed over; spout for 



wick. Roman 74561 



No. 12. Lamp of terra cotta. Reservoir closed over ; spout for wick. 



Roman 175583 



No. 13 (1). Lamp. Designed to furnish oil to the wick under pressure. 



Cape Cod, Mass. Colonial period 151483 



» Extracted from Synoptic Series of Objects in the United States National Museum 

 lliustrating tiie History of Inventions, by Walter Hough. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vol. 60, 

 No. 2404, 1922, pp. 5, 6. 



