Vni LIST OF PLATES 



81. a. Stoves in combination with vessels: 1, liot-water biggin, United States; 



2, coffee biggin, United States ; 3, hot-water biggin, England. 

 6. Various hot water devices: 1, shaving-water heater, United States; 



2, wine heater by steam, China; 3, copper colonial teakettle; 4, hot- 

 water vessel for warming food, Holland. 



82. Preserving warmth and cooling devices : 1, 2, Calcutta water cooler, India ; 



3, Canton tea " cosey," China, 



83. a. Fire fans : 1, Panama ; 2, 4, Trinidad, West Indies ; 3, Mexico ; 5, 6, Brit- 



ish Guiana; 12, Paraguay; 10, 11, Yucatan; 9, Morocco; 8, Spain; 

 7, Ecuador. 

 6. Fire blowers and bellows: 1, 2, Japan and China; 3, India; 4, Spain; 

 5, England ; 6, France ; 7, United States. 



84. Navaho double valve bellows, Arizona. 



85. Primitive tongs : 1, California ; 2, Apache, Arizona ; 3, Havasupai, Arizona ; 



4, 5, Kiowa, Oklahoma ; 6, Alaska. 



86. Tongs of metal: 1, 2, Pivot tongs of iron, Spain; 3, antique fire-bearing 



tongs, Denmark ; 4, 5, rod tongs, Japan ; 6, spring tongs, United States ; 

 7, hinged iron tongs, Pennsylvania. 



87. Spits and grid, Virginia Indians (model). 



88. Gridiron and adjustable trivet roaster : 1, tall roaster, Yorkshire, England ; 



2, wrought-iron gridiron, Virginia. 



89. Gridirons, toasters, and roasters: 1, wrought gridiron, Belgium; 2, toaster, 



Virginia ; 3, trivet roaster, England ; 4, revolving gridiron, Belgium ; 



5, bent-rod gridiron, Virginia; 6, groove-bar gridiron, Virginia; 7, 

 George Washington's field gridiron, Virginia. 



90. Trivets : 1, perforated trivet, Pennsylvania ; 2, trivet, Morocco ; 3, trivet for 



heated iron, Flemish ; 4, folding trivet, European. 



91. Pothooks and hangers: 1, Adjustable pothook; 2 ,5, suspending chains; 



3, 4, 6, pothooks. All from Virginia. Ratchet pot hangers: 7, Fin- 

 land; 8, Belgium. 



92. Branding iron, iron rests, and curfew : 1, Branding iron, Virginia ; 2-4, 



cast brass rests for iron, England and United States; 5, curfew, Hol- 

 land. Waffle irons : 6, short iron, Charmian, Pa. ; 7, long iron, Morgan- 

 town, W. Va. 



93. Sadirons : 1, Pennsylvania ; 2, Pennsylvania ; 3, England. 



94. Tripod paunch vessel for cooking, Teton Sioux, Dakota. 



95. Cooking stones, griddles, and collapsible oven: 1, Baking stone, Hupa 



Indians, California ; 2, ancient cooking slab, California ; 3, cooking 

 stones, Mexico ; 4, pottery griddle, Mexico ; 5, circular stone griddle, 

 Morocco ; 6, camp baker. United States ; 9 camp oven, closed ; 7, 8, iron 

 tortilla griddles, Mexico. 



96. Pueblo Indians cooking bread, Arizona. 



97. Simple ovens: 1, Heap oven, Plains and other Indians; 2, slab cooking 



oven, Zuni Indians, New Mexico ; 3, field oven, Hopi, Arizona ; 4, mush- 

 cooking oven, Hopi, Arizona ; 5, dome-shaped mud oven, Mexicans and 

 Pueblos ; 6, earth stove of the Tibetans. 



98. Spiders, Dutch oven, pottery oven, and steamers: 1, Spider of brass, Eng- 



land; 2, cast-iron spider, Alabama; 3, Dutch oven, Pennsylvania; 4, 

 pottery griddle oven, Mexico ; 5, rice steamer, Sumatra ; 6, rice steamer, 

 Simalur Island, East Indies. 



99. Fuel : 1, Hay twists. South Dakota ; 2, compressed peat ; 3, 5, tubular com- 



pressed peat ; 4, lightly pressed peat ; 6, Buffalo chip, South Dakota ; 7, 

 prepared slab of Buffalo dung. South Dakota. 



