LIST OF PLATES 



TORCH AND CANDLE 



1. Development of the torch and candle. 



2. a and 6. Development of the lamp. 



3. Torches of resin, Figures 1-8; examples of torches and candles, Figures 



9-14. 

 Primitive adaptation of animals for illumination. 

 Bundle torches, resin torch, and nut-meat torches. 

 Resin torches from Africa, Siam, and the Philippines. 

 Torch holders, East Indies and Finland, 

 Ancient Egyptian torch holder of bronze and wooden specimen from 



Finland. 

 Etruscan bronze splint holder, Italy, and adjustable holder, Finland. 

 Iron and wood splint and candle holders. 

 Basket torches for whaling, Figures 1 and 3. Finnish boat torch 



holder. 

 North Eastern Algonquian canoe with birch bark torch. 

 Torches with wick for processions and other uses. Figure 4 is a 



whaler's flare torch. 

 h. Wax coiled tai)ers and taper holders. 

 9. a. Candle making, China. 



6. Tapers used for religious purposes, Italy, Philippines, and Burma. 



10. Sheet-iron candle molds. Colonial United States and later. 



11. c. Candle holders used in various occupations. 

 6, Lumberjack and bayonet candlesticks. 



12. Pricket candlesticks, Europe and China. 



13. Two Japanese pricket candlesticks. Wall pricket candlestick or rush holder, 



England. 



14. Candlesticks of stone, wood, pottery, and glass. 



15. Moorish glazed roundel candlestick ; " King Alfred " time candle. 



16. Brass, copper, and pewter candlesticks. 



17. Silver plate and silver candlesticks, European. 



18. Pewter candlesticks, China and England. 



19. Candle dishes ; and brass and iron candlesticks ; cast iron candlesticks. 



20. Hammered-iron candlesticks, Europe and United States; candle arms and 



brackets. 



21. Sconces, and candlesticks with wind glasses. 



22. Candelabra, Europe. 



23. Rush chandelier of iron, England, and brass 5-light wall chandelier, 



Germany. 



24. Chandelier of bronze with lusters; Chinese feathered chandelier. 



25. Rococo brass chandelier and camphine chandelier. 



26. Turkish float lamp chandelier. 



27. Horn lanterns and Danish ship lantern ; dark lanterns. 



