HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 43 



is shown in Plate 38, Figure 5, embodying Palmer's patent. (Cat. 

 No. 168322; S. B. Dean; 13.3 inches (34 cm.) high.) A candlestick 

 to which this device has been applied is Figure 6. It is of fine 

 yellow brass and of superior design. The ring indicates that a glass 

 bell formerly belonged with this specimen. The lower end' of the 

 tube has been closed with a threaded cap, as in Palmer's candlestick. 

 (Cat. No. 168314, Scotland; S. B. Dean; 8.7 inches (22 cm.) high.) 

 Figure 7 is of Sheffield plate. In this example a tube bearing the 

 socket slips into the stem and can be raised to candle height. This 

 is evidently a gravity device which acts like Palmer's spring pres- 

 sure. It is not know^n whether this antedates Palmer's patent. The 

 fittings show that a bell of glass was installed on this candlestick. 

 (Cat. No. 325639, England; Walter Hough; 8.7 inches (22 cm.) 

 high.) "Green's Arctic lamp patent," so called, used Palmer's 

 device and had attached to the shade holder a cap on an arm which 

 could be tripped, falling down and extinguishing the light. (PI. 38, 

 fig. 1, Cat. No. 178371, England; Paul Brockett; 10 inches (26.5 cm.) 

 long.) As a side light on the small economies of the candle period 

 are shown various simple devices for saving candle ends. Plate 38, 

 Figure 2, shows a nickeled-iron extra socket for holding a candle end 

 in the candle socket. (Cat. No. 325641, Paris, France, 1892; Walter 

 Hough; 1.7 inches (4 cm.) long.) Another, Figure 3, clutches the 

 candle with numerous arms adjusted by an encircling ring with 

 scalloped edge. (Cat. No. 292508, Austria; 1.2 inches (3 cm.) long.) 

 A handmade brass candle-end burner is from Scotland. (PI. 38, 

 fig. 4, Cat. No. 169096; S. B. Dean; 3.6 inches (9 cm.) long.) In 

 1892 there could be bought in Paris several forms of these hruU 

 tout. One of these, of turned alabaster, has a slender spike upon 

 which the candle end could be impaled for burning. 



PRIMITIVE LAMPS 



There has been shown in a previous section (pi. 2) the sug- 

 gested line of development of the lamp. The line begins at a period 

 when it is conceived that light apart from the camp fire and set up 

 in a vessel of its own had not come to be a human need. For a long 

 time the human societies which had fire were satisfied with the torch, 

 and as they advanced, almost imperceptibly on the whole, the torch 

 gradually became improved and put to new uses. 



No art of man is ever in the same state of advancement through- 

 out the world at any one time; thus an areal survey of the culture 

 of the tribes in the torch period would reveal in use every grade of 

 torch, depending on many things which may be brought together 

 under the term " environment." For instance, a tribe may live in an 

 isolated environment and another on a natural migration line of 



