HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 49 



burner lamps are the more frequent of the multiple-burner lamps. 

 The third figure is a three-burner lamp of somewhat doubtful authen- 

 ticity, yet illustrating this variety. The fourth is a seven-burner 

 lamp of red terra cotta. It is suggested that Roman lamps of mul- 

 tiple burners were used for ceremonial purposes. (Cat. Nos. 16T635, 

 129399, 167653, 167647.) The Henry J. Heinz collection in Pitts- 

 burgh contains a nine-burner lamp with a bas-relief of the triumph 

 scene from the Arch of Titus, in which the seven-branch candlestick, 

 or, rather, lamp stand, is borne as spoil. (PI. 41&, fig. 1.) This and 

 the seven-burner described are Roman of the later period. 



In Plate 41& are shown various antique lamps, some doubtfully 

 old and some recent. In the upper row. Figure 2 is a tortoise-shape 

 lamp from Italy. The second is a Silenus head in bronze and 

 doubtful. The third is a Roman lamp with palm-leaf design. The 

 fourth is a well-modeled head of a satyr in terra cotta, and perhaps 

 recent. In the lower row of Plate 42a, Figure 20, is a rude lamp 

 from Chios, Greece; Figure 21 has beautiful relief modeling in the 

 concave; Figure 22 is from Baiae, Italy, with floriated decoration; 

 Figure 23, also from Baiae, is also decorated, and has the potter's 

 mark beneath ; Figure 24 is a modern glazed terra cotta from Naples, 

 called a "toe lamp," following an obscure scriptural allusion; and 

 Figure 25 is a modern green and yellow glazed majolica lamp in 

 dolphin shape. (Cat. Nos. (upper row, pi. 426), 167621, 29407, 

 167630, 167637; (lower row, pi. 43a) 73168, 175267, 1356, 1355, 129409, 

 167654.) 



Lamp stands of bronze are among the more successful works in 

 that material produced by the ancients. They appear to descend 

 from the Etruscan sliver candle stands (p. 10) and the footing shows 

 decided Egyptian tendencies, seen in the specimen shown on Plate 43, 

 Figure 5. This stand, perhaps an original, is a fine example of the 

 Roman bronze worker's art. (Cat. No. 169073, Italy; Magruder 

 collection; 34.2 inches (84.5 cm.) high.) A lamp stand of iron se- 

 cured in Italy by Dr. G. Brown Goode is suggestive of the ancient 

 lamp stands. No data is available to determine the age of this 

 specimen. The stand has every appearance of great age. It has 

 three rudely bent feet and the head has three arms from which hang 

 a rather incongruous set of lamp-tending utensils attached to chains 

 of brass and iron wire evidently of several periods. From one of 

 the chains hangs a boat-shape two-burner lamp of terra cotta with 

 a loop for suspension in the middle. This form of lamp may be late 

 Roman. Three specimens of this lamp are in the Museum collec- 

 tion. They can not be related to any Roman types known here. They 

 may be adaptations produced in the Middle Ages. (PI. 43, fig. 6, 

 Cat. No. 168134, Italy; G. Brown Goode; 32.75 inches (83.2 cm.) 

 high.) 



