HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 65 



high.) No. 14 is a small glass hand lamp with long tube having 

 a sleeve for extinguishing. (Cat. No. 204889, United States; C. A. Q. 

 Norton; 4.8 inches (12 cm.) high.) Figure 5 shows the upright tube 

 applied to the crusie in recent times. (Cat. No. 167053, Madrid, 

 Spain; Walter Hough; 9.8 inches (25 cm.) high.) Lamp No. 12 is 

 a very old French specimen concerning which little is known. It is 

 bupposed to have been used by priests on night visitations and to date 

 about the middle of the fifteenth century. The wick tube has a 

 threaded cap which when not in use is secured on a threaded collar, 

 as shown. In the back is a shutter which, raised, discloses a drawer 

 containing flint and steel for striking a light. (Cat. No. 326315, 

 France; Kendrick Scofield; 6.3 inches (16 cm.) long.) 



About 1845 the miners of Cerro del Pasco, Peru, wore a crusie in 

 the cap for a work light. The later spout lamp of the gas-free 

 mines of the United States was a short remove from the crusie. 

 Explosive gases in mines and the accidents caused by naked lights 

 brought out Sir Humphry Davy's miner's gauze protected lamp seen 

 in Plate 58, Figure 2. French miners have a characteristic lamp 

 with a napiform cast-iron reservoir hinged to the arms of a yoke 

 and hung by an iron hook. The lamp has one wick tube. (PI. 58, 

 fig. 3, Cat. No. 168135, France; G. Brown Goode; 23.4 inches (57 

 cm.) long.) A lamp on the same lines was patented in the United 

 States. This lamp has two wick tubes, a locking cover, and a bent 

 hook spike support. (PI. 58, fig. 1, Cat. No. 251794, St. Louis, Mo.; 

 U. S. Patent Office; 13 inches (33 cm.) long.) 



Two-tube lamps were in vogue in the United States up to the 

 close of the Civil War. The origin of the two-tube burner is better 

 known than the origin of most of the inventions before the Patent 

 Office began. That great natural philosopher, Benjamin Franklin, 

 discovered through experiment that two wick tubes, ranged up side 

 by side and at a certain distance apart, gave a greater amount of 

 light than would be furnished by two single-tube lamps. This was a 

 discovery of great practical value, was taken up at once, and con- 

 tinued in vogiie for 100 years, more or less. In practical effect, this 

 position of the tubes gave greater heat to the flame, more draft, and 

 increased oxidation of the carbon particles, bringing them to higher 

 incandescence, therefore more light, which is the first principle of 

 illumination. The next question, "Why not three tubes?" was 

 answered in the negative by the failure of the scheme to work. A 

 " petticoat lamp " with three tubes is shown in Plate 59, Figure 22. 

 The specimen is unused and probably stood on the shelves unsold 

 long before the 45 years since its collection. (Cat. No. 75364, New 

 Bedford, Mass.; J. T. Brown; 5.5 inches (14 cm.) high.) Another 

 lamp of this kind (fig. 20), which has the normal two tubes and 



