HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 77 



scale of inventions. In this respect there will be presented an ob- 

 vious histor}'^ of development in heating and cooking devices. 



Accompanying the heating appliances discussed are adjuncts which 

 have developed with the fire, such as shovels, pokers, tongs, fire fans, 

 bellows, andirons, grates, and cognate objects. Most of these show 

 a considerable development, but some, as the poker, of necessity 

 remain essentially primitive. 



There are presented as follow several classifications of the branches 

 of this subject, which will indicate the lines followed in the study 

 of the material. Remarks briefly classifying the early stages in the 

 use of fire for warming the body and house have already been 

 presented. 



GENESIS OF COOKING DEVICES 



Roasting and broiling: 

 Camp fire. 



Broche and skewer (animal in skin). 

 Spit. 



Gridiron. 

 Grill. 

 Frying : 



Flat stone. 

 Pan. 



Deep fat vessel. 

 Baking : 



Flat stone. 



Pottery, stone or iron griddle. 



"Vessel with cover. 



Oven — 



Hot stones on object. 



Clay cover. 



Pit oven. 



Reflector. 



Baker's oven. 



Dutch oven. 



Oven in range. 



Electric oven. 



Solar oven. 

 Boiling, stewing, and chafing : 

 Cooking vessel. 

 Stones in basket. 

 Pot over fire. 

 Pot on range. 

 Steaming, sunning, electric, and chemical : 

 In can or steaming. 

 Over boiling water. 

 Exposure to hot sun. 

 Above methods. 

 By lime and water. 



