HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 79 



later. The examples figured are crude and common vessels of the 

 type which ran the gamut of art embellishment during the period of 

 handicrafts. Gold, silver, bronze, brass, and fine woods entered into 

 the brazier of luxury, which was an important piece of house fur- 

 nishing. Braziers of solid silver, very massive, were in use in Chile. 

 The brazier of common use in Mexico consisted of an earthenware 

 bowl with three short legs. The specimen (PL 69a, fig. 1) is from 

 Durango, Mexico, collected by Edward Palmer (Cat. No. 176486). 

 Such vessels kept a little fire at hand, supplied warmth when re- 

 quired, and over them minor cooldng could be done. The porta- 

 bility of the brazier also was much in its favor, facilitating the 

 carrying out of the ashes and cleaning. As to the introduction of 

 the brazier into America from Spain there is no evidence, though 

 European modifications of the native brazier may have occurred. 

 Indigenous censers and braziers antedate the conquest. A bowl 

 brazier has been found in a prehistoric cliff dwelling in New Mexico.* 

 The only attempt to ornament the Durango specimens is a wash of 

 red ocher on the border. The specimen is 11.4 inches (29 cm.) 

 diameter, 4.7 inches (12 cm.) high. The Philippine brazier (PI. Qda^ 

 fig. 2) is of earthenware washed with red and ornamented with pleas- 

 ing designs formed by continuous zigzags and punches, the depres- 

 sions filled W'ith lime. The vessel is of graceful shape. It has four 

 small holes through the walls in the lower part of the body, which 

 suggest draught holes. The concave of the lid has three bosses 

 w^hich indicate that the lid could be turned over and a vessel set on 

 the bosses to keep food warm. The specimen is from Luzon and 

 probably from the town of Poliacan. (Cat. No. 238321, Philippine 

 Commission, 10.6 inches (27 cm.) diameter, 8.6 inches (22 cm.) high.) 

 The Spanish brazier, which may be taken as a type of European 

 brazier, has a circular ring stand with three feet. In this ring is 

 placed the pan which has two loop drop handles for lifting. The 

 shovel has a circular blade and a cross handle. This model is of 

 cast brass. (PI. 69a, fig. 3 ; Cat. No. 167048, Madrid, Spain ; Walter 

 Hough; 3.6 inches (9 cm.) diameter.) 



HEATED IRONS AND HOT-WATER VESSELS 



There is no evidence that the use of heated stones, iron, or hot- 

 water containers has any considerable antiquity, but, as mentioned, 

 it seems reasonable to imagine that the heat-retaining quality of 

 stones and water would be known experimentally very early. The 

 application of this principle for personal use was probably not car- 

 ried out until a late period. Hot stones, preferably soapstone, hot 



* Culture of the ancient Pueblos of the upper Gila River region, New Mexico and 

 Arizona. (Museum-Gates Expedition.) Bull. 87, U. S. Nat. Mus., Washington, 1914, p. 3> 



