HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 83 



posts of wood or iron rods. From the identity of many specimens 

 it is inferred that the demand for foot stoves prompted a rather 

 extensive manufacture of a certain standard. The specimen figured 

 has a trapezoidal opening in the top while usually cross bars ran 

 across the top. (PI. 70h, fig. 4; Cat. No. 130623, F. S. Hawley, 

 Broadalbin, N. Y., dimensions 8.7 inches (22 cm.) by 7.9 inches (20 

 cm.) by 5.9 inches (15 cm.).) The more familiar type has a strong 

 wooden frame with turned corner posts. The sides have a band of 

 baluster piercing, which is more exact than occurs in the usual foot 

 warmers. The piercings and punched designs commonly seen are 

 rows of small holes, hearts, joined hearts, diamonds, and quatrefoils, 

 examples of the quaint symbolism of the times. (PI. 706, fig. 2; 

 Cat. No. 325601, donor unknown. New England ; dimensions 9 inches 

 (25 cm.) by 7.5 inches (19 cm.) by 5.9 inches (15 cm.).) 



Bed warmers were among the conspicuous household impedimenta 

 of the Colonies. They w^ere articles of luxury, and for this reason 

 there are no crude examples such as might have been made by a 

 local artisan. These objects were honestly made by good craftsmen 

 and are both sturdy and graceful. The specimen has a turned 

 maple handle worthy of admiration inserted in an ample brass 

 socket riveted strongly to the side of the pan so that the junction 

 has not worked loose in the past hundred years. The lid is hinged 

 and chased and perforated in several places. (PL 706, fig. 1; 

 Cat. No. 311502, Miss Elizabeth S. Stevens; 11.2 inches (28.5 cm.) 

 diameter, 41.5 inches (1 m. 9 cm.) long.) Hot-^vater bed warmers 

 were used in south Germany, and sometimes specimens were brought 

 to America by immigrants. 



An interesting and artistically complete series of small fire sets 

 to which the name hibachi applies is found in Japan. These are 

 smokers' conveniences, consisting of a tray with pottery fire bowl, 

 or neat cabinets with drawers and pipe holders (pi. 72a, figs. 1-3) ; 

 and hibachis in variety, which are used for making tea, etc., and 

 for warming (pi. 726, figs. 2, 3). In most cases the fire receptacle is 

 of pottery, containing a bed of ashes on which the charcoal fire is set. 

 In some instances copper-lined boxes are used. Accompanying the 

 hibachi are rests for the teapot, tongs, shovel, sifter for ashes, fire 

 blower of bamboo, or in the tea ceremony a fan of perfect feathers. 

 (Cat. Nos. 4418, 128140; from the Japanese Department of Edu- 

 cation and Romyn Hitchcock; dimensions— fig. 1, 9.8 inches long, 

 7 inches wide, 3.5 inches high (25 cm., 18 cm., 9 cm.) ; fig. 2, 10.6 

 inches square, 7.1 inches high (27 cm. square, 18 cm. high) ; fig. 3, 

 6.9 inches diameter, 9.5 inches high (17.5 cm., 24 cm.) ; fig. 4, 6.7 

 inches square, 3.1 inches high (17 cm. square, 8 cm. high) ; fig. 5, 

 5.3 inches long, 4.9 inches wide, 4.9 inches high (21 cm., 12.5 cm., 



