HEATING AND LIGHTING UTENSILS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM 97 



hole in the septum at the node, througli which the breath >Yas con- 

 centrated on the fire and was an improvement of the most primitive 

 blowing of the fire with puft'ed cheeks. An example of tlie tube 

 blower is a bamboo tube such as is customarily used by the Chinese 

 and Japanese. (PI. 83&, figs. 1, 2 ; Cat. No. 128147, Japanese Depart- 

 ment of Education; 14.5 inches (37 cm.) long.) In Europe tlie 

 tubular fire blower had a widespread use. A specimen collected in 

 Madrid, Spain, is a brass tube with collar of iron having a hook for 

 hanging up, and a swallow-tail expansion of iron at the base for 

 stirring and regulating the fire, probably' of the brazier. The speci- 

 men is regarded as of ancient type. (PI. 836, fig. 4; Cat. No. 169008, 

 Spain, Walter Hough; 26 inches (66 cm.) long.) 



Bellows are of great antiquity and of lengendaiy origin, the classi- 

 cal attribution being to Daedalus. This device is inseparably con- 

 nected witli the increasing of iire heat for economic purposes. In 

 general the bellows for domestic use is an outgrowth of the behavior 

 of fuel itself or in different stages of combustion of fuel materials. 

 The familiar bellows of Colonial times hung by the fireplace was 

 legarded as both ornamental and useful. It had a cast-brass nozzle, 

 leather belloAvs fastened with brass head nails to the two leaves. 

 The hinge necessary to one of the leaves was usually of leather. 

 These specimens were lacquered and decorated with sprays of flow- 

 ers in bright colors, frequently on a dark-green ground. One speci- 

 men in the Museum has bent handles. It is classed as American, but 

 it may have been imported from England. (PL 836, fig. 5; Cat. 

 No. 325615, donor unknown; 18.1 inches (46 cm.) long.) Another 

 has straight handles, a graceful nozzle, and is decorated with rose 

 sprays on a broAvn background. (PI. 83&, fig. 7; Cat. No. 289464, 

 Pennsylvania, Anton HeitmuUer: 19.3 inches (49 cm.) long.) An 

 interesting bellow^s of French manufacture secured in Madrid, Spain, 

 in 1892 has a fan actuated through a rack and pinions by means 

 of a crank. Air enters the bellows through an ornamental brass 

 grill and is forced by the fan through the plain tubular nozzle. It 

 is excellently made of fine curly maple wood. (PI. 83&, fig. 6; Cat. 

 No. 167038," Walter Hough; 14.9 inches (38 cm.) long.) In the 

 Museum collection are a number of bellows used in the arts and 

 industries of various countries. The simplest of these is a Tibetan 

 example consisting of a goatskin bag open at one end and with an 

 iron tuyere at the other. In w^orking it the sides of the bag mouth 

 are pulled apart, closed, and the impounded air pressed through the 

 tuyere against the fire. The specimen w^as collected by the late 

 W. W. Eockhill. In ancient Egypt and in many parts of Africa 

 the simple bag bellows was used, but improved by placing two bags 

 side by side, connecting with a single tuyere, thus giving a more or 



