HISTORY OF THE WORKS OF CUVIER. 163 



The palasotlieviam wliicli, at Paris, always accompanies the anoph>therinni, is 

 accoiiipauiod ahiiost evciywhcre else by another e^enns not less remarkable, and 

 which, by a singnlar exception, is absolutely wanting at Paris, the lophlodon. 

 This new genus, also approximated greatly to the tapirs, like the palaeotlieriuin 

 and anojilotherium ; is, like these last, entirely lost, aiid like them, already rich 

 in species. M. Cuvier has made known a dozen, all of France. The genus 

 cltccropotamus and the genus adapis number each but one species. The genus 

 anthracothcrium numbers two, one of which approached tlu^ rhinoceros in size. 

 The two former genera are of the environs of Paris; the third was first found 

 near Savona, and afterwards in Alsace and Velay. 



With these numerous pachydcrmata, first among terrestrial mammals to 

 occu})y the earth, M. Cuvier collected the remains of carnivora of the genus of 

 the dog, the genet, the raccoon, &c. ; a bat of the genus vespertilio ; a species of 

 didelphys; two rodents, one pertaining to the dormouse, the other to the squirrel ; 

 six species of birds, relics of the crocodile, the irionijx, the cdv/s, and certain 

 species of fresh-water fish. But to restrict ourselves to tlie pachydermata which 

 form, beyond comparison, the most important part of this anti(pie animal colo- 

 nization of the globe, we have nearly 40 species and five genera totally lost ; 

 and what is not less noticeable, none of their species are found mingled with 

 those of the elephant and the mastodon. The two classes of animals belonged 

 therefore to two essentially distinct ages. 



To the pachydermata succeeded, in M. Cuvier's investigations, the ruminants. 

 It is only in the alluvial formations that the bones of these abound, and here 

 two genera especially show' themselves in great number : the stag and the ox. 

 * * * It is In the caverns of Germany, England, France, &c., that the fos- 

 sil remains of the carnivora especially abound. After having extricated the liv- 

 ing species of these animals from the confusion which had thus far attended their 

 determination, M. Cuvier proceeds to describe the fossil species — four species of 

 bears : that of the caves, the most numerous of all, the arctoid bear, the inter- 

 mediate bear, the bear with flattened teeth ; a hyena, almost as abundant as 

 that of the bears, which is most so ; two tigers, a wolf, a mouffet, two weasels, 

 a glutton, &c. The fossil rodentia are not numerous. T'he great beds of the 

 loose formations have yielded hitherto but one large species of the beaver, called 

 by M. Fischer the irofjonthcrium. The bone breccia gives two species of the 

 lagcnvys, two of the rabbit, of the field mouse, the rat, &c. 



The order of the edentata has two fossil, but gigantic species : the mcgahnyx, 

 of the size of the largest ox, and the megatherium, of that of the largest rhi- 

 noceros. These two enormous species are from America. An unguiculate 

 phalanx, found in a canton of the Palatinate, not far from the Rhine, indicates 

 a third species related to the pangolin, and quite as gigantic as the two others. 

 So much for the inhabitants of the land formations. The cetacea all pertain 

 to strata essentially marine. Here, with the cetacea, occur the amphibious mam- 

 mals, the seal and the walruss. A first group of these marine mammals, whose 

 osteology and living sjjecies themselves were then so little known, preceded all 

 the terresti'ial mammals. Their remains disclosed to M. Cuvier bones of the 

 dolphin, the lamantin or manatee, and the walruss. A second group had suc- 

 ceeded the pal<Bothcriums ; and among them M. Cuvier recognized a dolphin, a 

 whale, and an entire genus wholly lost, the ziphius, related to the sperm w Iiak'S 

 and hypjeroodons. 



We C(;me now to the reptiles. M. Cuvier considers in succession the crocodiles, 

 tortoises, lizards, batrachians, and concludes with the extraordinary fainily of 

 the ichthjOHaurus and the p)lcsiosaurus. The fossil crocodiles ari; very numerous, 

 M. Cuvier having described as many as fifteen species. The fossil tortoises are 

 even more numerous still, from sixteen to seventeen species liaving been already 

 discriminated ; among them, several of the trionyx, several of tlie emys, or the 

 tortoise of fresh water, several of the chelnnia, or tortoises of the sea, and some 



