THK l)KV]:i.OP.MENT OF ARCHITECTURK IN KSSKX. 165 



ihen.for it to swell again like a champagne cork. A handle, however, might ha\e 

 been made by passing a stick of wood, so prepared as to admit of its being bent 

 nearl}' double, through the hole, and bringing together the two ends or lengths, 

 and binding them by a leather thong, so as to make a compact handle. The 

 chipped edge shows that it has been used." Mr. Winstone thinks that the instru- 

 ment was imported into the district in Neolithic times, and gives in his paper some 

 nueresting information as to possible lines of communication in ancient times, 

 ind probable primitive traffic in bronze as indicated by the hoards of the metal 

 haind at F3'field, Havering, etc. 



We may add that heaps'of stones picked off fields in likelv localities are often 

 worth searching over, as Mr. Sworder found ; Mr. H. A. Cole picked up a verv 

 good celt and a " hammer-stone " off such a heap at Parndon some years ago. 



A SKETCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF 

 ARCHITECTURE IN ESSEX. 



BEING THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, DELIVERED AT 



THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING, ON 



MARCH 31st, 1894. 



fiy FREDERIC CHANCELLOR, J. P., F.R.I.B.A., President. 



npHE Study of the architectural and archaeological remains of 

 Essex is one that becomes more fascinating the more it is 

 pursued, until so wide a field of inquiry is opened up that it 

 becomes impossible in one short paper to treat, otherwise than 

 generally, of the whole subject. Our friends, the geologists, are 

 able to extend our studies to a very remote period of the world's 

 existence. I do not pretend to compete with them in point of 

 antiquity, and, indeed, a range of 2,000 years will cover the whole 

 period over which my remarks will extend. I have observed that 

 with the exception of some few, who are always particular as to dates, 

 there is great confusion in the minds of many people as to the date 

 of any particular building. The object, therefore, I have in view 

 is to endeavour to set out some of the leading features in the 

 buildings of the various periods into which I may say the archi- 

 tectural history of Essex is divided ; and to enable me to do this 

 more effectually, and also to enable you to grasp it more easily, I 

 propose to divide my subject into the following heads : 



1. The Roman period extending from the invasion of Julius 

 Caesar 55 b c. to 410 a.d. 



2. The Saxon and Danish period from 410 a.d. to 1066. 



3. The Norman and Gothic period from 1066 to 1546. 



4. The Tudor period from 1546 to 1602. 



