1902 Norman A^xhitecture 143 



will save much disappointment. The chief variant affecting 

 the time of exposure is the activity of the light, and it is now 

 generally agreed that an actinometer — usually sold with 

 calculating scales, and called an exposure-meter — is a great 

 help. We may have something to say on development on 

 another occasion. 



It is a decided advantage if subjects can be photographed 

 on a known or uniform scale, and to do this it is convenient 

 to mark the focussing-rack of the camera as follows : Cut a 

 strip of cardboard four inches long and fix it horizontally on 

 a wall. Draw a pencil line four inches long on the focussing- 

 screen of the camera, and divide it accurately into inches. 

 Move the camera backwards and forwards, and focus sharply 

 until the 4-inch cardboard and 4-inch line coincide. Make 

 a mark on the base-board of the camera to note for future 

 reference how far this extends, and mark it i (for full size). 

 Do the same to get the 4-inch object to coincide with 3 

 inches, and mark the extension |. In the same way the 

 extensions for \ and \ can be marked on the camera. When 

 in future it is desired to take an object, say, half the size of 

 the original, the camera (the same lens of course being used) 

 is racked out to the mark \ and moved bodily backwards and 

 forwards until the image is sharp on the screen. 



In our next issue we shall deal with some other aspects of 

 out-door photography. 



Norman Architecture. — I. 



By Rev. P. J. Oliver Minos, Ph.D., M.R.A.S. (Lond.) 



In this number I propose to indicate some of the more 

 general characteristics of Norman architecture, such as 

 come under the notice of field clubs on many of their 

 field-day rambles, and in future papers we shall turn our 

 attention to some more special points in the Norman style. 



It is quite certain that a.d. 1066, the date of the Norman 

 Conquest, did not witness the first introduction of Norman 

 architecture into England : the Normans had sent over their 



VOL. I. — NO. 2. K 



