2 26 The Field Natiiralisf s Quarterly Aug. 



This plan of controlling development takes the place of 

 the older plan (as given in most platemakers' instructions) of 

 altering the proportions of the developer to control results, 

 and is, I know from long use of it, quite efficient for a wide 

 range of subjects, and enables a negative to be correctly 

 developed even after a long interval of no photographic 

 work. 



Small objects — such as fossils, shells, fungi, (S:c. — are best 

 photographed by the shadowless method, placing them on a 

 horizontal pane of glass. This plan is more fully described 

 in the May number, and the method there described of 

 marking the base board of the camera for definite degrees of 

 reduction will also be useful for systematic work. 



As regards printing methods, I feel sure that those who 

 will " make the plunge," and boldly attempt either the car- 

 bon or the platinum process, will find either to be actually 

 easier to work than the usual printing-out paper, with the 

 great advantage of absolute permanence and uniformity of 

 tone or colour. 



Norman Architecture. — II. 



By Rev. P. J. Oliver Minos, Ph.D., M.R.A.S. (Lond.) 



In my first article of this series I pointed out the general 

 characteristics of the Norman ^ style of architecture ; in my 

 second I will draw attention to some special predominating 

 features of this st3'le. 



The chief features of the Norman style consist in the pre- 

 dominance of horizontal rather than vertical lines, in heavy 

 semicircular arches,^ in short or stunted massive round pillars 

 of one shaft, and in large plain capitals and square abaci sur- 

 rounding piers and shafts. These can be studied to advan- 



^ The French do not use the word Norman : they divide Romanesque into (i) 

 pritnitive (fifth to tenth century), (2) secondary (tenth to eleventh centurj'), and 

 (3) transition (twelfth century). 



- The Assyrians seem to have been the first nation using the||semicircular arch \ 

 the Etruscans were the next. 



