302 The Field Naturalist's Quarterly Nov. 



Winchester Cathedral, where the former adjoins the latter 

 in the rebuilding of the central tower, done in the beginning 

 of Henry I.'s reign. ^ 



Further, the Norman mason in his early work used stones 

 of various sizes, and caused thereby the joints to be irregular. 

 Such irregular, rough -jointed works are commonly called 

 *' snail-creep." In the twelfth century the said mason used 

 stones well squared and of more uniform size between thin 

 joints, and these were finely put together. These indications 

 of date once noticed will always be remembered and looked 

 for in distinguishing early Norman work from later Norman 

 work. 



Next, how is one to distinguish Norman work from any 

 other work ? Norman work (whether early or later) has one 

 definite peculiarity — viz., the diagonal tool-marks,^ which 

 are found in no other style. They are seen in parallel lines, 

 always diagonally across the surface of the stone if plain ; 

 but following the lines of arches, mouldings, &c., if not plain. 

 These tool-marks appear in the early buildings almost like 

 saw-marks, doubtless due to the adze. Professor T. Hayter 

 Lewis, on diagonal tooling, says, " Personally, I know of no 

 instance of such markings being used in any other style, nor 

 anywhere after the twelfth century, and when we find it, no 

 matter how far eastward, we can trace it distinctly to 

 Norman influence."^ To show the value of these tool- 

 marks as a mode of identification, I will quote that accurate 

 observer. Major Conder, R.E., who, in the ' Palestine Ex- 

 ploration Fund, Quarterly Statement, 1874,' pp. 92, 93, 

 writes, "The masonry is sufficient to class buildings — viz., 

 diagonal dressing, which was not in earlier work than the 

 Crusaders." Professor T. Hayter Lewis also says, " I have 

 not the slightest doubt that this Norman work was distinctly 



^ The change from wide-jointed to fine-jointed took place about A. D. II20. 

 William of Malmesbury, in his description of the buildings erected by Roger of 

 Salisbury, noticed this change ; fragments of his fine-jointed work remain at Sher- 

 bourne Castle. 



^ Sometimes called "cross-tooling"; but this term is apt to be confounded with 

 the Saxon tool-marks, which may for distinction's sake be called "cross and 

 recross tooling." 



^ Compare Professor Lewis's paper read at Glasgow in l888, and printed in the 

 ' Transactions of the British Archasolojjical Association.' 



